An efficient synthesis of a doubly stranded [3]rotaxane has been developed through bridging of a pseudo[3]rotaxane featuring two axle components. Reversible azine formation was effective as the bridging reaction. Kinetic and thermodynamic conditions provided the [2]- and [3]rotaxanes, respectively.

A new electrochemical oxygen separation pump was developed by using c-axis-oriented La 9.66 Si 5.3 B 0.7 O 26.14 (c-LSBO), which has high oxide-ionic conductivity (>10 ¹3 S cm ¹1) up to 300°C. Interfacial resistance between the electrode and c-LSBO was investigated to realize the full potential of LSBO as an oxygen separation material. The formation of a Sm-doped CeO 2 (SDC) thin film (thickness: 300 nm) between the electrode and c-LSBO was effective for suppressing the interfacial resistance. Furthermore, a mixed conductive La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.78 Ni 0.02 Fe 0.2 O 3¹¤ (LSCFN) was applied to the electrode for enhancing the oxygen reduction/evolution activity on the electrode. The LSCFN/SDC/c-LSBO symmetric cell showed an oxygen permeation flux of 3.5 mL cm ¹2 min ¹1 (1.0 A cm ¹2) at 600°C under an applied DC voltage of 1.5 V; this value was 67 times that of Pt/c-LSBO. This oxygen pump based on the LSCFN/SDC/c-LSBO symmetric cell would find promising application in oxygen separation at intermediate temperatures. Further reduction of the interfacial resistance and polarization resistance of the electrode may decrease the operating temperatures to below 400°C.

Kinetically and thermodynamically favored [2]rotaxanes, with an axle component positioned within a large and small ring, respectively, were provided by bridging of a [2]pseudorotaxane formed from an unsymmetric mono-crown ether and the ammonium salt.