About two hundred Daphniphyllum alkaloids have so far been isolated from thirteen species of the genus Daphniphyllum. This comprehensive review summarizes all the research into the isolation and structure elucidation of these alkaloids reported since investigations began in 1996. The structures of the Daphniphyllum alkaloids are classified based on six Daphniphyllum alkaloids (daphniphylline, secodaphniphylline, yuzurimine, daphnilactone A, daphnilactone B and yuzurine); these are also a number of newly found skeletons. The biosynthetic pathways, total syntheses, and bioactivities of the Daphniphyllum alkaloids are also described.

Marine microorganisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, and others have attracted many natural product chemists as the real producers of marine toxins such as fish and algal poisons as well as bioactive substances isolated from marine invertebrates such as sponges and tunicates. Among marine microorganisms, dinoflagellates have proved to be important sources of marine toxins and have been investigated worldwide by natural product chemists. We have continued investigations on chemically interesting and biologically significant secondary metabolites from Amphidinium spp., of a genus of symbiotic marine dinoflagellates separated from inside cells of Okinawan marine flatworms. This review covers the results described in our recent publications on a series of cytotoxic macrolides, designated amphidinolides, and long-chain polyketides isolated from Amphidinium spp. In this review, topics include the isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis, biosynthesis, and bioactivity of amphidinolides and long-chain polyketides.

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