Iron and copper complexes cooperatively catalyzed the arylmagnesiation of unfunctionalized alkynes including dialkylacetylenes, where the presence of both iron and copper catalysts is essential for high yields of 2-aryl-1-alkenylmagnesium bromides.

Background: Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can entrain and enhance cortical oscillatory activity in a frequency-dependent manner. In our previous study (Nakazono et al., 2016), 20 Hz (b) tACS significantly increased excitability of primary motor cortex compared with 10 Hz (a) tACS. a oscillations are a prominent feature of the primary visual cortex (V1) in a resting electroencephalogram.Hence, we investigated whether a and b tACS can differentially influence multiple visual functions. Methods: Firstly, we evaluated the after-effects of a and b tACS on pattern-reversal (PR) and focal-flash (FF) visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Secondly, we determined the relationship between resting a oscillations and PR-VEPs modulated by tACS. Thirdly, the behavioral effects of tACS were assessed by contrast sensitivity.Results: a tACS modulated the amplitudes of PR-VEPs, compared with b tACS, but did not modulate the FF-VEPs. Time-frequency analysis revealed that a tACS facilitated event-related a phase synchronizations without increasing power, which consequently increased the PR-VEP amplitudes. There was a significant positive correlation between PR-VEP amplitudes and resting a oscillations. These findings suggested that a tACS modulated a oscillations, and affected visual functions of contrast and spatial frequency. Indeed, a tACS also improved subjects' contrast sensitivity at the behavioral level. Conversely, b tACS increased posterior a activity, but did not change VEP amplitudes. Conclusions: a tACS can influence different neuronal populations from those influenced by b tACS. Thus, our results provide evidence that a tACS sharpens multiple visual functions by modulating a oscillations in V1.

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[reaction: see text] The first catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-4-quinolones has been developed by way of a rhodium-catalyzed 1,4-addition of arylzinc reagents to 4-quinolones. These 1,4-adducts can be obtained with high enantioselectivity by the use of (R)-binap as a ligand, and high yields are realized by conducting the reactions in the presence of chlorotrimethylsilane.