We have synthesized samples of the misfit-layered [CoCa 2 O 3 ] q CoO 2 compound with three different oxygen contents and characterized them by both wet-chemical and thermogravimetric analyses for the determination of precise oxygen content, and by synchrotron X-ray diffraction for the precise determination of the magnitude of q. Combining the results from the structural and oxygen-content analyses it is concluded that for samples synthesized in air or a more reducing atmosphere there occur considerable amounts of oxygen vacancies in at least one of the three types of layers, CoO, CaO, and CoO 2 . Bulk character of the oxygen vacancies was confirmed from transport-property measurements.
ABSTRACT:The molecular motion of polystyrene in solution has been investigated quantitatively using carbon-13 NMR. It is concluded that the motion can be characterized by three contributions, namely, segmental motion and two kinds of internal rotation of the phenyl ring, and that the phenyl ring is rotating more freely above 50°C. Free rotation of the phenyl ring is hindered by a energy barrier, which is probably due to a steric hindrance between the hydrogens in the phenyl ring and the methine hydrogen in the adjacent monomer unit. This model is consistent with the fact that a transition of polystyrene at about 50°C occurs both in solutions and in bulk. KEY WORDSPolystyrene / 13 C NMR / Molecular Motion / Internal Rotation / Transition / Spin-Lattice Relaxation / It has been generally accepted that solutions of isotactic and atactic polystyrene show an anomalous temperature dependence in solution properties at about 50 and S0°c. 1 -5 A transition was observed at about 80°C for isotactic and atactic polystyrene in several solvents in the temperature dependence of the second virial coefficient, in the mean radius of gyration, and in other properties. This transition is firstorder, 6-8 and Reiss 6 • 7 has proposed that it arises from the transition between a 31 helix and a random coil in the isotactic sequences of both polymers.On the other hand a transition at about 50°C in isotactic and atactic polystyrene both in solution and in bulk has been reported. 1 As 50°C is well below the glass-transition temperature (ca. l05°C), it was thought that the major molecular process can not be a conformational change but an intramolecular change of more local molecular motions. It was proposed that rotation of the phenyl ring may be hindered by the a and /3 main-chain hydrogens, and that the transition at about 50°C may be due to a sudden change in the mobility of the phenyl ring. 9 However, the molecular motion has not been heretofore studied quantitatively; we have used 13 C NMR to elucidate the molecular process occurring in this transition.Although physical properties of polymer solutions have been studied with proton NMR, data are often rather complex to analyze because of a narrow range of chemical shifts (ca. IO ppm) and of splitting of peaks due to spin-spin coupling. Proton-decoupled natural abundance 13 C NMR spectra are easier to analyze because of a wide range of chemical shifts (ca. 250 ppm) and the absence of complex spin-spin coupling. Partially relaxed Fourier transformed (PRFT) spectra permit measurement of the 13 C spinlattice relaxation times for all resolved peaks of complex molecules. It is of interest to measure the 13 C spin-lattice relaxation times of individual carbons in molecules, as the molecular motion of individual groups can be estimated quantitatively. Proton magnetic relaxation times .are difficult to analyze quantitatively in terms of molecular motion because of the difficulty of separating intramolecular and intermolecular contributions. The latter contribution to 13 C spin-lattice relaxatio...
NMR shift reagent, tris(dipivalomethanato)europium(III), was applied to the 'H NMR measurement of isotactic and syndiotactic poly(methy1 methacrylate) in solution in the temperature range 25580°C. The solvents used were benzene (C6D6), chloroform (CDC13), and carbon tetrachloride (CCI,). By comparing the observed values of paramagnetically induced shift with the values of geometric factor calculated for several kinds of conformational models hitherto proposed for these polymers, the possible conformations of the respective polymers in solution were eludicated. Furthermore the variation, as a function of temperature, of the carbon-1 3 spin-lattice relaxation times of individual carbons of isotactic and syndiotactic poly(methy1 methacrylate) in benzene and chloroform solutions were measured and the correlation between the molecular motion and the conformation is discussed. It is pointed out that the conformation depends both on the stereochemical configuration and the nature of solvent, and the molecular motion depends both on the conformation and the configuration.
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