Masticatory performance was closely associated with grip strength, maximum voluntary occlusal force, and diadochokinesis /ta/ among healthy elderly participants.

Maximum tongue pressure (MTP) measurement is a convenient, less invasive assessment that has been developed to quantify tongue strength; however, it is unclear whether MTP is useful for the detection of swallowing disorders in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between MTP and the characteristics of swallowing disorders on videofluorography and to determine the usefulness of tongue pressure measurement for the assessment of swallowing function in ALS patients. Twenty-five ALS patients were evaluated according to the ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-R), and their ability to swallow yogurt was observed via videofluorography. MTP was measured using a device (TPM-01, JMS, Hiroshima) equipped with a balloon probe. Then, the relationships between the ALSFRS-R score, swallowing function, and MTP were analyzed. MTP was significantly lower in the subjects with reduced tongue function (p = 0.002) or with pharyngeal residue (p = 0.006) than in the subjects with normal characteristics. Bolus formation and oral transit time and pharyngeal transit time were significantly prolonged among those with reduced MTP. MTP at a cut-off value of 21.0 kPa was associated with a full score on the bulbar-related items of the ALSFRS-R. MTP may serve as a new diagnostic tool for the early detection of swallowing dysfunction in ALS patients, because of its good relationship with their swallowing characteristics.

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ObjectiveA number of programs representing virtual patients for use in teaching settings have been developed in the field of psychiatry; however, they simulate only the interview process, not the entire scope of treatment. The authors have developed software through which students can experience the practice of psychiatry (in particular, with dementia patients) in its entirety. This study compares this software with conventional learning methods.MethodThe control group was 43 fifth-year medical students in 2014 who studied using a conventional learning method (taking lectures and being in contact with actual patients). The experimental group was 36 fifth-year medical students in 2015 that used computer software (taking lectures and with reduced time in contact with actual patients). The authors compared the two groups. Each group was tested before and after clinical training on their acquisition of knowledge of dementia. The control group was tested in 2014, and the experimental group was tested in 2015.ResultsThe difference in average test scores between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.01), with the experimental group scoring higher.ConclusionsThe results indicate that students who were taught using a computer-based software method were better able to answer a standard series of questions designed to evaluate their understanding of dementia than those who were taught in a conventional manner.This study demonstrated that there is a possibility to improve education in the field of psychiatry using a comprehensive clinic simulator.

Apathy is defined as a syndrome of primary loss of motivation not attributable to emotional distress, intellectual impairment or consciousness disturbance. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of vascular risk factors and silent ischemic brain lesions on apathetic behavior of community-dwelling elderly subjects. Brain MRI and other medical examinations were performed on 222 non-demented community-dwelling elderly subjects (96 men and 126 women, average age 70.1 years). The apathy group was defined as the most apathetic quintile determined by Starkstein's apathy scale. Silent infarction, deep white matter lesions (DWMLs) and periventricular hyperintensities were detected in 12.2, 39.2 and 22.5%, respectively. Linear regression analysis (Pearson) revealed that the scores on the apathy scale correlated slightly but significantly with logarithmically transformed scores of the Modified Stroop Test (r¼0.135, P¼0.045), but not with the Mini-Mental State Examination. The apathy group tended to have more high blood pressure (141.6/82.6 vs. 136.1/79.6 mm Hg), less prevalent hyperlipidemia (18 vs. 35%) and lower serum albumin. Multivariate analysis (the forward stepwise method of logistic analysis) revealed an independent correlation between the apathy and grade of DWMLs (odds ratio 1.826, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.129-2.953 per grade) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (odds ratio 1.055, 95% CI 1.014-1.098 per mm Hg) after adjusting for possible confounders. The mean apathy scale score in the DBP^90 mm Hg group was significantly lower (more apathetic) than that in the DBPo80 group (P¼0.011, analysis of covariance). This study showed that hypertension and DWMLs are independently associated with apathy in healthy elderly subjects.