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Abstract:Quantum key distribution with pulsed heralded single photon source was performed over 40 km of fiber for the first time to our knowledge. QBER was measured to be 4.23% suggesting security against unconditional attack. 58-60 (1986). 19. Using a model presented in reference [10,11,16], we estimated the average number of photon pairs μ at the crystal output to be 0.168 at the maximum pump power (195 mW), and 3 pairs event probability at the crystal ouput to be a fraction equal to 0.056 of the two pairs generation probability for this pump power. 20. C. H. Bennett, "Quantum cryptography using any two nonorthogonal states," Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 3121-3124 (1992)

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It has been reported that consuming food which contains flavonols is related to the decrease in risks to arteriosclerosis and cancer. One objective of this study was to elucidate the metabolism of quercetin and the glucosides (quercetin 3,4¢-diglucoside and quercetin 4¢-glucoside) present in onion soup, in the oral cavity. Not only quercetin glucosides but also quercetin were found in whole saliva which was collected 15 min after eating onion soup. Quercetin seemed to be formed by deglucosidation of the glucosides. The concentrations of the flavonols were much higher in sediments than in supernatants of the saliva suggesting that the flavonols bound to components of the sediments like detached epithelial cells. Concentrations of quercetin and the glucosides in the oral cavity decreased as a function of time after the intake. The decreases were mainly due to the washing away from this cavity by saliva. In addition, deglucosidation of quercetin glucosides to quercetin was also assumed to contribute to the decrease in the glucosides and oxidation of quercetin by peroxidase (POX) in saliva to the decrease in quercetin. Based on the data that quercetin was oxidized by POX in saliva in the presence and absence of thiocyanate, it is suggested that quercetin as well as thiocyanate can be a substrate for POX in saliva to scavenge H 2 O 2 in oral cavity. Keywords: H 2 O 2-scavenging, metabolism of quercetin and the glucoside, onion (Allium cepa), oral cavity, peroxidase in saliva

It is obvious from the results that the occlusal force of Japanese school age children is decreasing. A t-test of both masticatory efficiency and occlusal force showed no significant sex differences for children at 7 and 8 years old. However, 9 year-old boys showed significantly higher values compared with 9 year-old girls in both measurements. No significant difference was seen between 7 and 8 year-old children in both measurements. However, 9 year-old children showed significantly higher values when compared with 7 and 8 year-old children. Occlusal force and masticatory efficiency were shown to be correlated with chronological age, with a coefficient of more than 0.6.