Surgical treatment is more effective than non-surgical treatment in Japanese children, but both failure rates are high compared with that in non-Asian children. Drug approval revision for prescription use of estrogen cream, centralizing treatment to specialized facilities, and an active policy of surgical management in cases of non-surgical treatment failure may improve treatment outcomes for pediatric UP in Japan.

Environment, Children's Study (JECS) Group This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

No abstract

No abstract