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Preparation of DPPC lipid monolayer in water trough has been done by dropping method and compared with compression method. Monolayer was studied by surface pressure isotherm, fluorescence microscopy, Brewster angle microscopy, and infrared external reflection spectroscopy. Results of these measurements showed that dropping method gave better results compared to compression method. In dropping method, transition from liquid expanded state to liquid condensed is gradual compared to sharp one in compressed method. During monolayer formation, adjustment and interaction between hydrophilic part of lipid and water and among hydrophobic part of lipid molecule are slow, stable, and more natural as worked out from surface area versus pressure isotherm. At a given molecular area, surface pressure is less compared to compression method thus monolayer is in more fluidic state in dropping method than compression method. The observation was supported by all techniques described above.

Clinical use of olanzapine frequently causes severe hyperglycemia as an adverse effect. In this study, we elucidated mechanisms by which olanzapine reduced insulin secretion using the hamster pancreatic β-cell line HIT-T15. Reverse transcriptional-PCR analysis revealed expression of dopamine (D2, D3 and D4), serotonin (5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT6), and histamine (H1 and H2) receptors in HIT-T15 cells. Olanzapine decreased insulin secretion from HIT-T15 cells at clinically relevant concentrations (64–160 nM). A dopamine D2 agonist, D3 antagonist, and D4 antagonist suppressed insulin secretion, whereas a D2 antagonist and D3 agonist increased it. A serotonin 5-HT2B agonist slightly increased insulin secretion, while a 5-HT2C antagonist slightly decreased it. Other agonists and antagonists for serotonin receptors did not affect insulin secretion. A histamine H1 agonist increased insulin secretion, whereas an H1 antagonist and H2 agonist suppressed it. Our results suggest that dopamine (D2, D3 and D4), serotonin (5-HT2B and 5-HT2C), and histamine (H1 and H2) receptors, which are expressed on pancreatic β-cells, directly modulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Thus, olanzapine may induce hyperglycemia in clinical settings by suppressing insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells through inhibition of dopamine D3, serotonin 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C, and histamine H1 receptors.

Seven cases are reported in which extravasation of contrast medium from the lateral lenticulostriate artery was observed on cerebral angiography performed in the early stage of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. We advance the theory that continuous bleeding from the ruptured artery with mechanical destruction and displacement of cerebral tissue is the cause of massive hematoma formation, and discuss the possibility of surgical treatment of the acute stage of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.