No abstract

Energy transfer from light-harvesting ketocarotenoids to light-driven proton pumps xanthorhodopsins has been previously demonstrated in two unique cases: an extreme halophilic bacterium and a terrestrial cyanobacterium. Attempts to find carotenoids that bind and transfer energy to rhodopsin proton pumps from the abundant marine and freshwater photoheterotrophs have thus far failed. Here, using functional metagenomics combined with chromophore extraction from the environment, we detected light energy transfer from the widespread hydroxylated carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein to the retinal moiety of xanthorhodopsins and proteorhodopsins. The light-harvesting carotenoids transfer up to 42% of the harvested energy in the violet/blue-light range to the green-light absorbing retinal chromophore. Our data suggest that these antennas have a significant impact on rhodopsin phototrophy in the worlds lakes, seas and oceans.