For the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), we used plasma-assisted electrolysis in which atmospheric-pressure DC glow discharge using a liquid electrode is combined with electrolysis. The solution surface is exposed to positive ions or electrons in plasma. To synthesize magnetic NPs, aqueous solutions of FeCl2 or an iron electrode immersed in liquid was used to supply iron ions in the liquid. Magnetic NPs were synthesized at the plasma–liquid interface upon the electron irradiation of the liquid surface. In the case of using aqueous solutions of FeCl2, the condition of magnetic NP synthesis depended on the gas species of plasma and the chemical agent in the liquid for controlling oxidization. The amount of magnetic NPs synthesized using plasma is not very large. On the other hand, in the case of using an iron electrode immersed in NaCl solution, magnetic NPs were synthesized without using FeCl2 solutions. When plasma-assisted electrolysis was operated, the iron electrode eluted Fe cations, resulting in the formation of magnetic NPs at the plasma–liquid interface. Magnetic NP synthesis depended on the concentration of NaCl solution and discharge current. The magnetic NPs were identified to be magnetite. By using this method, more magnetite NPs were synthesized than in the case of plasma-assisted electrolysis with FeCl2 aqueous solutions. The pH of the liquid used in plasma-assisted electrolysis was important for the synthesis of magnetite NPs.

To quantitatively investigate the initial crystallization of zeolite beta synthesized by direct heating, the extent of the reaction was precisely evaluated by X-ray diffraction measurements and Rietveld structural refinement, and a kinetic analysis of crystallization was performed using the Avrami-Erofe'ev equation. The activation energy for crystallization was lower than that for hydrothermal synthesis. Reaction and synthesis time curves revealed that the initial zeolite beta crystallization consisted of three stages. The first was an induction period with nucleation by the generation of building units and the formation of an initial coordinated structure. The second stage was crystal growth by a diffusion-controlled reaction, and the third stage involved slowing down of crystallization by the limitation of dehydrocondensation. These stages could be analyzed by calculation of the rate constant and Avrami exponent for each stage.

A large number of studies on small flying robots have been carried out. Flying robots need to land on specific heliports, thus necessitating the search for specific heliports. This paper reports a method for searching a heliport, in which data from an onboard camera and an ultrasonic sensor are processed using an onboard Raspberry Pi unit.

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