The presence of endometrioma is a risk factor for the development of a TOA or an ovarian abscess.

The measurement of IGFBP-1 in vaginal fluids is useful for the diagnosis of ruptured fetal membranes.

The high prevalence of HPV, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae infection in CSW poses a risk of further transmission of STD to the general public, suggesting the need for further education and screening for CSW and the general public. We found high- and intermediate-oncogenic-type HPV to be the most prevalent infection among both CSW and control subjects. Screening for HPV may be necessary in STD and general clinics to predict the risk of cervical malignancy. Hybrid capture assays, which permit simultaneous detection of HPV and other STD with high sensitivity, may be a useful diagnostic method.

No abstract

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and of hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen in commercial sex workers (CSW) who attended a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Tokyo. Methods: Surveys were conducted on 308 CSW and 384 control subjects for HIV antibody or 241 control subjects for HBs antibody and antigen and HCV antibody. Results: HIV antibodywas not detected in either CSW or control subjects. The positive rates for HBs antigen and antibody were 0.6 and 23.4%, respectively, in the CSW group, and 0.4 and 71.8% in the control group. The HCV antibody positive rate was 3.2% in the CSW group and 0.4% in the control group. Conclusion: A statistically significant difference between the two groups was observed only in HCV antibody positive rate. STD checkup for CSW alone is inadequate – STD health education and screening for the general public are also required.