Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an arteriopathy associated with hypertension, stroke and myocardial infarction, affecting mostly women. We report results from the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of six studies including 1556 FMD cases and 7100 controls. We find an estimate of SNP-based heritability compatible with FMD having a polygenic basis, and report four robustly associated loci (PHACTR1, LRP1, ATP2B1, and LIMA1). Transcriptome-wide association analysis in arteries identifies one additional locus (SLC24A3). We characterize open chromatin in arterial primary cells and find that FMD associated variants are located in arterial-specific regulatory elements. Target genes are broadly involved in mechanisms related to actin cytoskeleton and intracellular calcium homeostasis, central to vascular contraction. We find significant genetic overlap between FMD and more common cardiovascular diseases and traits including blood pressure, migraine, intracranial aneurysm, and coronary artery disease.

Aims Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) and spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) are related, non-atherosclerotic arterial diseases mainly affecting middle-aged women. Little is known about their physiopathological mechanisms. We aimed to identify rare genetic causes to elucidate molecular mechanisms implicated in FMD and SCAD. Methods and Results We analyzed 29 exomes that included familial and sporadic FMD. We identified one rare loss-of-function variant (LoF) (MAFgnomAD=0.000075) shared by two FMD sisters in the prostaglandin I2 receptor (hIP) gene (PTGIR), a key player in vascular remodeling. Follow-up was conducted by targeted or Sanger sequencing (1,071 FMD and 363 SCAD patients) or lookups in exome (264 FMD) or genome sequences (480 SCAD), all independent and unrelated. It revealed four additional LoF allele carriers, in addition to several rare missense variants, among FMD patients, and two LoF allele carriers among SCAD patients, including one carrying a rare splicing mutation (c.768 + 1C>G). We used burden test to test for enrichment in patients compared to gnomAD controls, which detected a putative enrichment in FMD (PTRAPD=8 × 10−4), but not a significant enrichment (PTRAPD=0.12) in SCAD. The biological effects of variants on receptor signaling and protein expression were characterized using transient overexpression in human cells. We confirmed the LoFs (Q163X and P17RfsX6) and one missense (L67P), identified in one FMD and one SCAD patient, to severely impair hIP function in vitro. Conclusions Our study shows that rare genetic mutations in PTGIR are enriched among FMD patients and found in SCAD patients, suggesting a role for prostacyclin signaling in non-atherosclerotic stenosis and dissection. Translational perspectives This study adds evidence to the possibility of FMD and SCAD share a common genetic basis. We show that rare loss of function variants in the gene encoding the prostacyclin receptor (PTGIR) are enriched in FMD patients and present in SCAD patients. This pathway is a target of widely used drugs such as aspirin or iloprost. If this mechanism is confirmed by further larger genetic and clinical studies, these findings may help the clinicians identify the best therapeutic strategy to treat FMD and SCAD patients in the future.

No abstract