Bile salts in twenty six species of fish were examined to investigate the bile salt composition and the distribution of D-cysteinolic acid conjugated bile salts by high-performance liquid chromatography and/or thin-layer chromatography densitometry. Their major bile salts were cholyltaurine and/or chenodeoxycholyltaurine except for the bile salt in Japanese dace which exclusively consists of cyprinol sulfate. A considerable amount of unconjugated cholate was also found in ayu fish. D-Cysteinolic acid conjugates were detected in the bile of wild and aquacultured guelly jack, brackish goby and marbled rockfish as well as red seabream. No D-cysteinolic acid conjugates was found in biles of Japanese sardine and mackerel in spite of existences of D-cysteinolic acid in their muscle and liver.

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It has been recognized that more nearly perfect crystal surfaces have a low intensity of X-ray reflection as a result of extinction effects. Therefore, it has been common practice to abrade analyzer crystals used in X-ray fluorescence analysis so that they approximate so-called mosaic crystals.While investigating the intensity of reflection from various ADP crystals about 10 years ago, one of the authors (A) and his colleague discovered that wavelength dependence of the intensity of reflection widely varied among crystals. in other words, crystals that had a high reflection intensity for short wavelengths displayed a low reflection intensity for long wavelengths, and crystals effective for long wavelengths were not effective for short wavelengths. Also, they discovered that this phenomenon was related to the perfect quality of the crystal surfaces. As-grown crystals were more effective for longer wavelengths than commercially available crystals into which a certain amount of imperfection presumably had been introduced.

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I'o\ oliii4i i 1 1 nivc'rsit y of Tec hilology . Tovohiahi 44 ). Japiin Application of the fundamental parameter method to the detenniaation of & I thickness by an EDX technique with a proportional detector was performed by considering that x-rays striking the detector were composed of the following kinds: (1) the analyte l i e of the film excited directly by the primary beam, (2) the analyte line of the film excited secondarily by scattered or characteristic x-rays from the substrate and (3) scattered and characteristic x-rays from the substrate which passed through the film to be analysed. The intensity of all these types were considered theoretically, and the film thickness was evaluated by Gtting the theoretical intensity of the x-rays striking the detector to the experimental intensity, by use of an iteration process. In addition, the accuracy of the theoretical values of intensities excited secondarily was veri6ed by comparison with the experimental values.