Binder free titanium carbide decorated graphite felt as high performance negative electrode in vanadium redox flow battery.

The RIG‐I pathway can be activated by RNA containing 5′ triphosphate, leading to type I interferon release and immune activation. Hence, RIG‐I agonists have been used to induce immune responses against cancer as potential immunotherapy. However, delivery of 5′ triphosphorylated RNA molecules as RIG‐I agonists to tumour cells in vivo is challenging due to the susceptibility of these molecules to degradation. In this study, we demonstrate the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from red blood cells (RBCs), which are highly amenable for RNA loading and taken up robustly by cancer cells, for RIG‐I agonist delivery. We evaluate the anti‐cancer activity of two novel RIG‐I agonists, the immunomodulatory RNA (immRNA) with a unique secondary structure for efficient RIG‐I activation, and a 5′ triphosphorylated antisense oligonucleotide with dual function of RIG‐I activation and miR‐125b inhibition (3p‐125b‐ASO). We find that RBCEV‐delivered immRNA and 3p‐125b‐ASO trigger the RIG‐I pathway, and induce cell death in both mouse and human breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we observe a significant suppression of tumour growth coupled with increased immune cell infiltration mediated by the activation of RIG‐I cascade after multiple intratumoral injections of RBCEVs loaded with immRNA or 3p‐125b‐ASO. Targeted delivery of immRNA using RBCEVs with EGFR‐binding nanobody administrated via intrapulmonary delivery facilitates the accumulation of RBCEVs in metastatic cancer cells, leading to potent tumour‐specific CD8 + T cells immune response. This contributes to prominent suppression of breast cancer metastasis in the lung. Hence, this study provides a new strategy for efficient RIG‐I agonist delivery using RBCEVs for immunotherapy against cancer and cancer metastasis.

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and implementation of alternative energy technologies, e.g., renewable energy such as wind turbine and photovoltaics. However, such technologies by themselves are insufficient. Effective management of energy consumption is also crucial in order to properly address the issue of energy shortage. As countries become increasingly developed, the construction of many high-rise buildings quickly follows. Consequently, the smart utilization of solar radiation through glass windows becomes a primary concern. Therefore, smart window technology, an effective energy conservation method, is introduced to assist the reduction of energy consumption of indoor lighting and airconditioning. In this field, electrochromic (EC) materials, which are able to electrically modulate the transmittance of solar radiation, are one of the most widely investigated smart window materials. [1] Various transition metal oxides and conjugated polymers, such as tungsten oxides (WO 3 ), [2] vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), [3] nickel oxide (NiO), [4] polyaniline, [5] and poly(styrenesulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS), [2c,6] have been studied for this application. Amongst transition metal oxides, WO 3 possesses the best EC effectivity and is thus the focus of many researches to date. The ability of WO 3 to induce color changes was first explored in the early 19th century, while subsequent electrochemical studies began around 1930. [7] It was reported that WO 3 exhibited reversible changes in optical property (colored/bleached) corresponding to the electrochemical insertion/extraction of small cations such as H + or Li + (Equation (1), M = H, Li,…) [8] WO M e MWO 3 bleached 3 colored