SummaryIntroductionIn the past decade, approaches to understanding epidemiology and treating diverticular disease have changed significantly. Many of the principles used earlier have lost their relevance at the moment. In the near future, we can expect an increase in cases of the disease, given the general population aging. Moreover, the number of surgical operations performed on diverticulosis increases annually. The number of complications are worsening the prognosis for a given disease increasing the risk of death results.The aim of the studyA detailed scientific review is presented on the topic “Diverticular Colon Disease”. The paper primarily uses the guidelines of World Journal of Emergency Surgery (2016), as well as Guidelines of the American Association of Gastroenterologists and Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with diverticular colon disease developed by the expert committee of the All–Russian Public Organization “Association of Coloproctologists of Russia”. The work gives the definition of a diverticulum, diverticulosis, and diverticulitis of the colon. The issues of prevalence and frequency of occurrence of this pathology in various age and ethnic groups in developed and developing countries are reflected. The modern views on the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease are disclosed, taking into account the views of modern scholars and international guidelines. Finally, the work analyses case report on the complicated diverticular disease.Material and MethodsThe search for sources was performed in the PUBMED, PUBMED Central, Google Scholar and E–Library databases by keywords: colon diverticulosis, diverticulitis, as well as their Russian counterparts. The selection of sources was mainly limited to 2000–2020. Authors declare that the research was conducted according to the principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Informed consent was not received due to the nature of the study.Results and ConclusionIn the past decade, approaches to understanding epidemiology and treating diverticular disease has changed. Many of the principles used earlier have lost their relevance at the moment. At the same time, a careful study of the etiological factors, pathophysiological mechanisms and cause–effect relationships in the development of this pathology is required. Improving diagnostic methods, early prevention and new approaches to treatment can reduce the risk of death in this disease.