Abstract. Background In Europe, according to the age-standardized rates per 100,000 population, Hungary had the highest estimated incidence, mortality and prevalence in lip, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers for both sexes. Based on the cancer registerty held by the National Institute of Oncology, in 2010 and 2011 meso-and hypopharyngeal carcinomas counted more than 1,200 cases. The number of diagnosed mesopharyngeal carcinomas in our clinical site has doubled, while hypopharyngeal carcinoma cases have tripled since 1983 (Figures 1 and 2). Incidence of meso-and hypopharyngeal carcinomas is constantly growing, while the rate of mortality is above 50% due to late-stage recognition. In our clinical practice, malignant cancers of the meso-and hypopharyngeal regions are most specific in the 55-60 age range population, although the appearance of the different pharyngeal carcinomas has been observed in a growing number at younger ages in the past few years. It is important to note that the cancers affecting only one region, having good operability options and a better prognosis are disappearing, while the ones involving more than one region, with aggressive spreading and progressive prognosis are becoming more frequent. Our goal was to find and study a molecular marker that could be used as a predictive and a prognostic tool to complete clinical diagnostics.In recent years micro-RNAs (miRNA) have been excessively studied. These small, 19-25 base-pair-long RNAs are transcribed from an intra-or intergenic segment of DNA and are not translated into proteins. Matured miRNA binds to a ribonucleotid complex, called RISC (RNA induced silencing complex), and drives the regulation of mRNA translation, either by binding to the target mRNA's 3' UTR (untranslated region) segment, or to 5' UTR or just directly to the ORF (open reading frame). This way translation is blocked or endonucleases are activated causing the degradation of mRNA target (1, 2). An estimated 50-60% of the human genome is regulated by miRNAs. A specific mRNA can be regulated by multiple miRNAs, and a miRNA can modulate translation of more then hundred mRNAs (1). This RNA interference mechanism establishes precise modulation of gene expression, harmonic regulation of cellular functions as cell division, differentiation, apoptosis and intermediary metabolism (3). miRNAs can behave either as oncogenes (oncomirs) or tumor suppressors according to which target mRNA is regulated by them (1). miRNAs can be detected in blood serum, saliva and other body fluids (4-285