Objective: The primary aim was to evaluate the change in the total and free PSA levels after antibiotic and non-steroid anti-inflammatory treatment. The secondary aim was to compare this change among the histological subgroups to assess whether it was discriminating. Methods: 97 consecutive patients with PSA >4 ng/dl and scheduled for prostate biopsy were included in this prospective study. 65 patients (group 1) were then put on medical treatment of ciprofloxacin 500 mg bid and diclofenac sodium 75 mg during the routine waiting period before the 2- to 3-week procedure. Randomly selected (every third case) 32 patients (group 2) did not receive this treatment. Free and total PSA tests were repeated before the procedure. The change in the PSA values was compared between the groups and among the histological subgroups in group 1. Results: While in group 1 the decrease in PSA was significant (p = 0.000), this was not the case in group 2. The difference in free PSA values was unremarkable for both groups. In histologically determined cancer cases of group 1, the difference between pre- and post-procedure PSA level was not of note, while in BPH and prostatitis cases it was significant. Conclusion: In cases with increased PSA, medical treatment for a likely subclinical prostatitis resulted in a decrease of PSA, which was significant only in benign conditions.

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Objective: To determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) infections, and the relationship of these infections to semen parameters and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-18) levels in both sexually active and asymptomatic men. Materials and methods: One hundred and seventy-five (144 infertile and 31 fertile as control) men were included in this study. The presence of HPV and C. trachomatis were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in semen samples. IL-18 levels were measured using ELISA method in seminal plasma. Results: The prevalence rates were 1.1% and 8.6% for HPV and C. trachomatis, respectively. All HPV positive samples subtyped as high-risk HPV. There was no significant difference for both HPV and C. trachomatis rates between fertile and infertile groups (p>0.05). Although the seminal parameters between infertile and fertile groups were different (p<0.001), the differences of mean IL-18 levels were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The prevelance rates of HPV and C. trachomatis in asymptomatic sexually active men in our region were comparable with the other studies. These findings might provide a basic data for preventive measures and policy development for sexually transmitted infections in Turkish men.