Objective: The objective of the study was to assess and compare the efficacy and tolerability of flupirtine versus tramadol in patients with chronic moderate low back pain (LBP). Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the outpatient department of orthopaedics at tertiary care hospital, Rajamahendravarm. After meeting the inclusion criteria, a total of 60 patients were randomly allocated to tablet flupirtine 100 mg in Group A and tablet tramadol 50 mg in Group B. The efficacy of the study drugs was assessed at baseline and the end of treatment by numerical rating scale11, visual analog scale-100 mm, physician’s, and patient’s global assessment. Statistical analysis was done using paired and unpaired t-test and data were presented as mean±standard deviation. Adverse drug reactions were monitored during the treatment. Results: The study results showed that 90% of the patients in Group A and 78% of the patients in Group B had shown a good response to their respective drugs. 30% of flupirtine group patients reported adverse drug reactions which were mild. Conclusion: Both the drugs are effective in the treatment of moderate chronic LBP, but the advantage of flupirtine was, the incidence of adverse drug reactions was less when compared to tramadol group.

Introduction: Thyroid disorders are very common in females and are known to prevent ovulation. Thyroid disorders can impact menstrual cycles and causes menstrual irregularities and infertility in females. Aim: To determine effects of hypothyroidism on menstrual cycle pattern and prevalence of subfertility among women having thyroid dysfunction. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in collaboration with Department of Endocrinology in Government Medical College, Datia Madhya Pradesh, India from July 2019 to June 2021. A total of 205 patients aged 18-45 years were taken. Among them, 116 and 89 patients were of hypothyroid and euthyroid respectively. After properly selecting patients, detailed history of their menstrual cycles was taken and effect of thyroid dysfunction on menstrual irregularities was assessed. The collected data were evaluated and analyzed using Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 205 patients participated in present study. Mean age was 35+/-5 years. Among 205 subjects, 116 were hypothyroid and 89 were euthyroid. Among the hypothyroid subjects, 72 (62.1%) had normal menstrual cycles, 23 (19.8%) had history of oligomenorrhea, 12 (10.3%) had polymenorrhea, and 9 (7.7%) had amenorrhea, while among the thyroid subjects, 76 (85.4%) had normal menstrual cycle, 6 (6.7%) had oligomenorrhea, 5 (5.6%) had polymenorrhea, and 2 (2.2%) had amenorrhea, with statistically significant differences (p<0.001). The proportions of primary 13 (11.2%) and secondary 9 (7.7%) subfertility were significantly higher among hypothyroid subjects compared with thyroid subjects (p<0.05). The prevalence of subfertility was 7 (7.8%), 10 (14.28%), and 12 (26.08%) among the thyroid, overtly hypothyroid, and subclinical hypothyroid subjects, respectively. Conclusion: In this study, effects of thyroid dysfunction were presumably significant on menstrual cycle pattern and fertility; therefore, thyroid status should be assessed in all patients with menstrual disorders and appropriate treatment should be initiated early.

Pharyngitis is inflammation of mucous membranes of pharynx, presenting commonly with sore throat, malaise, fever, cough and nasal congestion, which is usually treated with simple therapy directed at symptomatic relief. It can be (Gerber, 2008) acute, recurrent or chronic. Recurrent pharyngitis is more than 3 episodes of acute pharyngitis within 12 months of period with positive laboratory (Short, 2011) report. Chronic pharyngitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of pharynx, characterized by hypertrophy of mucosa, seromucinous (Dhingra, 2010) glands and sub epithelial lymphoid follicles. Acute pharyngitis, which is part of acute respiratory tract infections, accounts (Shaikh et al., 2010) for an estimated 2-5% of (Vincent et al., 2004) patient visits to health facilities. It is commonly caused by viruses (40-60%) and bacteria (5-40%). Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common pathogen found in patients (Snow et al., 2001) suffering acute pharyngitis due to bacteria. Thus, antibiotic therapy is generally not recommended, and this disease can heal even without intervention. Identifying the cause of acute pharyngitis is a key point in determining the optimal treatment for the patient.

Objective: The Purpose of this study is to assess knowledge, attitude and awareness of pharmacovigilance among medical students in a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at Prakash Medical college and Hospital, Islampur, Kolhapur, Maharastra. The approval for conducting this study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee prior to the study. This was a cross-sectional, observational, questionnaire-based study. Total 340 participants were approached, which included medical students of MBBS, students of Nursing College, Dental College and Physiotherapy College attached to the Hospital were included in the study. Results: Though majority of MBBS students had defined the term “Pharmacovigilance”, less than half were able to define by BDS, BPT and Nursing students. These students are told about it in pharmacology but not actively discussed. This shows that there is a need to stress on pharmacovigilance during undergraduate teaching. Knowledge and attitude-based questionnaire was well answered by majority of MBBS students similar to studies. The overall awareness about pharmacovigilance and ADR reporting was low, in all medical and nursing students. Conclusion: This study concludes that the MBBS medical students’ knowledge and attitude towards pharmacovigilance was by far commendable in comparison to other medical courses. Practical based awareness regarding pharmacovigilance was very less in all stream of medical courses.

Several factors may affect identification and treatment of erectile dysfunction by health care providers, this study evaluates prescribing pattern of PDE-5 inhibitors and assess effectiveness of Sildenafil and Tadalafil in patients with erectile dysfunction.This is a descriptive and observational study, observed participants without providing any interventions, after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients were enrolled into study and informed written consent was obtained from all patients, data was obtained from medical records, analysed descriptively. International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) Questionnaire is used in assessment of erectile dysfunction and treatment outcomes.In our study, 80% of patients were prescribed with phosphodiesterase inhibitors and 20% received nutritional supplements. 80 percent of drugs were prescribed under generic name, subjects treated with Sildenafil/Tadalafil were found to be associated with higher mean scores for questions of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Tadalafil scored high in terms of sexual desire domain.PDE5 inhibitors represent major first-line oral therapy option for men with erectile dysfunction, shift of market from brand to generic products allows more freedom of choice, although multiple reports suggest general equivalency of four major PDE5 inhibitors, tadalafil suggested to be preferable.