Determination of optimum seed rate and planning suitable irrigation strategy are important practices to increase productivity of wheat under irrigation. Thus, a study was undertaken to determine the effects of irrigation intervals (5, 8, 11 and 14 days) and seed rate (75, 100, 125 and 150 kg ha -1 ) on yield components and yield of bread wheat during 2019 cropping season (November to April). Wheat variety ADEL-6 was used as test crop. The experimental design was split plot design with three replications using irrigation interval as the main plot factor and seed rate as sub-plot factor. Results showed that the interaction effect of irrigation interval and seed rate had highly significant (P<0.01) effect on number of total tillers, effective tillers, grain yield, aboveground dry biomass yield, straw yield and harvest index. The highest number of total tillers (54.33) and effective tillers (49.33) per 0.5 m mid length row were obtained from the seed rate of 150 kg ha -1 with irrigation interval of 5 days. On the other hand, the highest grain yield (5.40 t ha -1 ), the highest biomass yield (13.34 t ha -1 ) and the highest straw yield (7.95 t ha -1 ) were obtained from seed rate of 100 kg ha -1 and irrigation interval of 11 days which were statistically at par with the seed rate of 100 kg ha -1 and irrigation interval of 8 days. The partial budget analysis also showed that the highest net benefit (37375 Birr ha -1 ) was recorded from the combination of seed rate of 100 kg ha -1 and irrigation interval of 11 days followed by seed rate of 100 kg ha -1 and irrigation interval of 8 days with net benefit of 34156 Birr ha -1 . Thus, from the result of the study, it can tentatively be concluded that use of 100 kg ha -1 seed rate and irrigation interval ranging from 8 to 11 days can improve the productivity of bread wheat in the study area.

Maize is a multipurpose cereal crop that provides food for human, feed for animals and raw material for the industries. In terms of production and yield maize is the most important crop in the country. But it is generally constrained by low productivity and lack of productivity due to inputs such as high yielding variety seeds and fertilizers poor extension services, shortage of traction power and declining fertility of farmlands. To solve these problems large numbers of technologies have been generated. However, the adoption of these technologies by small holder farmer is limited. This problem seems from different factors. Among these factors education level, extension service, credit access, distance from market, availability of improved maize seed, house hold size, off-farm income, farm size and farm This seminar has been done to review the factors affecting adoption of improved maize seed technology in Ethiopia. The objective of this seminar is to review the factors affecting adoption of improved maize seed technology and farmers' productivity in Ethiopia and to distribute improved maize seed for the society.

Sesame is the most ancient oil seed used by man and it is considered as one of the most important oil crop. Sesame is an erect annual plant of numerous types and varieties two basic sesame types are usually distinguished; long-season, occasionally treated as perennials. Seeds are rich source of edible oil (48-55%) and protein (20-28%). The optimum soil condiotion for sesame is well-drained, loose, fertile and sandy alluvial soils that have a pH value between 5.4 and 6.7. This review is required to review the effects of plant density and nitrogen fertilization on yield and yield components of sesame. Nitrogen is the most important essential nutrient in plant nutrition. When rate of nitrogen fertilizer increased, yield and yield components of sesame also increased in some extent except oil contents. Oil contents of crops are decreased when nitrogen rate is increased. Maximum yield of sesame is achieved from the best spatial arrangement of plants for effective canopy development, water and nutrient utilization and pest control increasing plant density by decreasing planting distance b/n plants increased plant height, height of the first fruiting branch. These results are due to higher competition among plants for light and results the elongation of internodes. Decreasing plant population by increasing distance b/n plants increased number of branches, capsules/plant, 1000-seed weight and seed weight/plant. Increasing plant population density decreases seed yield and oil content of seed per plants and increases seed yield and oil yield/ha, due to the greater number of sesame plants per unit area.

Soil fertility decline is the main issue in African agriculture in general and in Ethiopian in particular. Farmers in most parts of the country actually work hard, in seasons of the year when the rainfall is favorable for their cropping. Declining of soil fertility is a fundamental problem to agricultural growth and a major reason for slow growth of food production. Most of the soils in Northern Ethiopia are low in soil OM, CEC, and fertility. So this review try review and compile findings related to the importance of integrated soil fertility management and revise the limitations of using sole organic or inorganic fertilizer. In this review it indicated that integrated use of all these soil management factors helps to reduce considerable amount of inorganic fertilizers. To improve crop yield, application of organic and inorganic resources is very crucial. If it is applied in combination by following considering the biological, physical and chemical property of the soil, it reduces the cost of the commercial fertilizer and improve SOM content and increase the yields of the crop.