IDS significantly increased brain function compared with ADS. These results suggest that the emotional tone of maternal utterances could have a role in activating the brains of neonates to attend to the utterances, even while sleeping.

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In the Eriksen task, we examined the hypothesis (Iwaki, 1998) that a negative eventrelated potential, which was enlarged at the frontal site synchronized with the presentation of an erroneous response causing stimulus, is related to the response-stop function. Fourteen subjects responded selectively with their hands to the stimuli that consisted of a central target letter and surrounding compatible noise letters (e.g., HHHHH) or incompatible noise (e.g., SHHHS for small-conflict condition or SSHSS for large-conflict). The results showed that the increased negativity for the incompatible stimuli was synchronized with the stimulus onset but not with the response. Based on the hypothesis above, it is predicted that greater enhancement of an erroneous response by a stimulus causes the response-stop to work harder in order to avoid an error, and this results in the larger negativity. This was supported by the evidence showing that the negativity was largest for the large-conflict incompatible stimulus, followed by the small-conflict, and then the compatible. We also discuss the possibility that the negativity is the NO-GO potential concerned with the response-stop function.