De novo shoot regeneration is one of the important manifestations of cell totipotency in organogenesis, which reflects a survival strategy organism evolved when facing natural selection. Compared with tissue regeneration, and somatic embryogenesis, de novo shoot regeneration denotes a shoot regeneration process directly from detatched or injured tissues of plant. Studies on plant shoot regeneration had identified key genes mediating shoot regeneration. However, knowledge was derived from Arabidopsis; the regeneration capacity is hugely distinct among species. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of the shoot regeneration mechanism from tree species, we select four genetic lines of Populus euphratica from a natural population to be sequenced at transcriptome level. On the basis of the large difference of differentiation capacity, between the highly differentiated (HD) and low differentiated (LD) groups, the analysis of differential expression identified 4920 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were revealed in five groups of expression patterns by clustering analysis. Enrichment showed crucial pathways involved in regulation of regeneration difference, including "plant hormone signal transduction", "cell differentiation", "cellular response to auxin stimulus", and "auxin-activated signaling pathway". The expression of nine genes reported to be associated with shoot regeneration was validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). For the specificity of regeneration mechanism with P. euphratica, large amount of DEGs involved in "plant-pathogen interaction", ubiquitin-26S proteosome mediated proteolysis pathway, stress-responsive DEGs, and senescence-associated DEGs were summarized to possibly account for the differentiation difference with distinct genotypes of P. euphratica. The result in this study helps screening of key regulators in mediating the shoot differentiation. The transcriptomic characteristic in P. euphratica further enhances our understanding of key processes affecting the regeneration capacity of de novo shoots among distinct species.

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Objective:To investigate the regulation effects on LPS-mediated cytokine secretion and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in maerophages by transient overexpression of hDaxx. Methods: An eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP/hDaxx, which could express a fusion protein GFP-Daxx, was transfected into macrophages. The expression and localization of GFP-hDaxx fusion protein was analyzed by fluorescent microscope and western blot. The effects of transient overexpression of GFP-hDaxx fusion protein on the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-mediated secretion of TNF-cc and IL-113 were determined by ELISA. Moreover, the dexamethasone-induced apoptosis was determined morphologically by Giemsa stain. Results: The results observed showed that GFP-hDaxx fusion protein overexpressed in macrophages and localized in nuclei but GFP in cytoplasm under fluorescent microscope. The overexpression of GFP-hDaxx fusion protein could be detected by Western blot with an antibody against C-terminal of hDaxx. In the group with overexpressed GFP-hDaxx fusion protein, the LPS-mediated cytokine secretion decreased remarkably at 1 h, 3 h, 6 h respectively after LPS stimulation, and the dexarnethasone-induced apoptosis reduced notably at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h respectively after addition of dexamethasone. There were remarkable difference between pEGFP/hDaxx group and control group (P<0.01) at different time. Conclusion: Transient overexpression of hDaxx down-regulates LPS-mediated cytokine secretion in macrophages and inhibits dexamethasone-induced macrophages apoptosis.

Plant adaptation to high altitudes has long been a substantial focus of ecological and evolutionary research. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying such adaptation remain poorly understood. Here, we address this issue by sampling, genotyping, and comparing populations of Tibetan poplar, Populus szechuanica var. tibetica , distributed from low (~2,000 m) to high altitudes (~3,000 m) of Sejila Mountain on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Population structure analyses allow clear classification of two groups according to their altitudinal distributions. However, in contrast to the genetic variation within each population, differences between the two populations only explain a small portion of the total genetic variation (3.64%). We identified asymmetrical gene flow from high‐ to low‐altitude populations. Integrating population genomic and landscape genomic analyses, we detected two hotspot regions, one containing four genes associated with altitudinal variation, and the other containing ten genes associated with response to solar radiation. These genes participate in abiotic stress resistance and regulation of reproductive processes. Our results provide insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying high‐altitude adaptation in Tibetan poplar.