No abstract

Pectus excavatum (PE) is a congenital sternal depression, one of the most frequent major congenital malformations of the chest wall. Generally, the malformation is not associated with functional disorders and often constitutes an aesthetic alteration with significant psychological distress. Nevertheless, the surgical repair of PE in childhood has been a well-established procedure with modified Ravitch repair (MRR) and minimally invasive repair (MIR) by Nuss been the two most popular methods of corrections. As a means of concealing the ugly skin scars caused by the MRR technique, the procedure was however highly modified with the use of bilateral inframammarian separated skin incisions. However, MIR has been a preferable technique due to its shorter operative time and minimal blood loss, but its postoperative complications have so far seemed to be its limiting factor whereas, extensive and combined deformities of the ventral chest wall are classically corrected using either MIR by Nuss and the MRR technique. Notwithstanding, Conservative treatment using alloplastic implants or vacuum bell to elevate the sternum in patients with mild PE defect is becoming a potential alternative and a means of preventing unnecessary surgical procedures mostly in mild funnel chest. Presented here is a case of PE surgical correction in a 12-year-old boy and an 11-year-old girl with pectus bar dislodgment. This article analyses the chain of events between both patients, reviews the literature on the subject and other currently available treatment options.

A 16-year-old female patient, undergoing open surgical ligation for congenital patent ductus arteriosus 13 years ago, was sent to one hospital with sudden intermittent hemoptysisd30 ml of fresh blood at a time once every 2e3 days for 2 months. She was evaluated with chest computed tomography and bronchoscopy, but was misdiagnosed as having pneumonia and tuberculosis, and was subsequently scheduled for treatment of antiinflammatory and anti-tuberculosis diseases, and hemostasis for 21 days. Before admission to our emergency department, she presented with a massive hemoptysis of about 200 ml fresh blood. The emergency chest computed tomography revealed a clump shadow with peripheral enhancement in the left upper lobe. Emergency nonselective interventional angiography via the femoral vein and femoral artery displayed the normality of pulmonary artery and aortic artery. In succession, the cobra catheter was replaced, and the aortic wall was hooked at the height of the left hilum. The contrast agent was apparently leaking into the left upper lobe, and an aortobronchial fistula tube was visible (Fig. 1A). With the contrast agent being continuously injected, the left bronchus and secondary branches were developing (Fig. 1B). Later, the contrast agent was discharged by the patient while coughing. Therefore, an aortobronchial fistula was identified. She then underwent an emergent thoracotomy, which revealed close adhesion of the upper lobe to aortic isthmus. The width and length of the adhesions was about 2 and 1.5 cm, respectively. After the dissection of peripheral adhesions, a 2-diameters-width pipe connecting the aortic isthmus and the tip section was placed. Then, a fistulectomy and resection of the left upper lobe were performed successively. Aortic fistula was repaired with a 4e0 prolene suture. The patient was discharged and had an uneventful recovery.Aortobronchial fistula is a rare and definite cause of intermittent and mass hemoptysis. Primary aortobronchial fistula is very rare, 1 and majority of documented cases in the literature are characterized as secondary. The lesions (aortic aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm, surgical sutures, aortic stent grafting, severe lung infection, and patent ductus arteriosus) in the aortic artery are irritated or oppressed continuously, which may lead to inflammation and scar conformation. Eventually, a fistula tube would communicate between the aorta and the adjacent lobe. The presumed pathogenesis of this case is related to suture infection of the aorta that gradually erodes and damages the wall of the aorta and the adjacent lobe, which results in the formation of infected aortic pseudoaneurysm and scarring. When pseudoaneurysms rupture, blood communication between the lobe or bronchial and aorta is available.Concerning the diagnosis management, angiography is the most effective method to determine the presence of a fistula. With regard to the surgical procedure, simple patch repair 2 and arterial replacement are practical procedures. Intervention block and vascular stenting 3,4 are...