[1] Assessments of transport show that results derived from assimilated (or analyzed) winds exhibit significantly larger mixing and entrainment rates compared to those derived from general circulation model (GCM) winds, where the GCM transport is somewhat closer (statistically) to values inferred from observations. This discrepancy presents a challenge to our ability to understand and model the global distributions of long-lived trace gases. We use the Goddard Earth Observation System's Finite Volume Data Assimilation System to explore this issue by examining how the data assimilation process alters the dynamics of the underlying GCM and how this leads to greater lower stratospheric mixing and transport in the subtropics. We show that the excessive subtropical transport is related to the proliferation of eddy features in the subtropics, and we examine various possibilities that may cause this. These include the generation of upward propagating features, equatorward propagating features, and meridionally confined features in the process of data assimilation. In particular, it is argued that unstable regions forced directly by the analysis increments play an important role in generating the excess subtropical transport.

SUMMARYGlobal ozone profiles from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) were added to an assimilation system that includes ozone data from the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet/2 (SBUV/2) instrument. Substantial impacts were found and investigated. MIPAS ozone profiles have a vertical resolution close to 3 km, retrieved from infrared limb emission radiances, with a height-dependent error of 4-8%; they were used over 12 layers, spanning between 60-80 hPa and 0.15-0.25 hPa. As a research instrument, MIPAS provides variable coverage from day to day, with occasional data gaps of several days. The operational SBUV/2 data give regular temporal coverage in sunlit areas, yielding total columns and partial profiles, assimilated for Umkehr layers 3 (126-63 hPa) to 12 (<0.25 hPa), with errors comparable to MIPAS near the ozone maximum but increasing substantially at higher and lower levels. The higher accuracy of MIPAS data leads to substantial improvements in the assimilated ozone below the ozone maximum when compared to accurate in situ (ozonesonde) and space-based (occultation) data; vertical gradients in the lower stratosphere are improved. In the Arctic winter of 2002/03, the ability of MIPAS to sample the vortex interior leads to substantial beneficial impacts. In the tropics, assimilation of MIPAS profiles improves analyses in the lower stratosphere and provides substantially better agreement with occultation data in the middle stratosphere, near the ozone maximum. This offsets an underestimate in the SBUVonly analyses caused by transport errors in the forecast. The global improvements in the assimilation lead to local improvements when compared against individual measured ozone profiles, where vertical structures are determined by height dependence in horizontal advection from diverse regions. The spatio-temporal variability in the assimilation is more realistic when MIPAS data are included. Experiments to examine the impacts of temporal gaps in the MIPAS data reveal a 'memory' of 5-10 days in the transport-dominated lower stratosphere. In the middle stratosphere, the impact of missing MIPAS data is more complex; transport errors cause a large initial impact followed by ozone values typical of SBUV assimilation.

This paper presents a new method to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of Ni-MH battery pack in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The proposed method establishes the relationship of the SOC to the battery’s voltage, current and temperature by using least square support vector machines (LS-SVM). According to the nonlinear characteristics of a battery pack system, the nonlinear SVM with polynomial kernel are developed for the estimation of the SOC with LS-SVM algorithm. To be more efficient in application, this method is also simplified in this paper. The results have conformed that the proposed method is able to estimate the SOC of Ni-MH battery with high accuracy and noise tolerating ability.