Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide, with bone being the most common site of metastasis in patients that progress beyond organ confinement. Bone metastases are virtually incurable and result in significant disease morbidity and mortality. Bone provides a unique microenvironment whose local interactions with tumor cells offer novel targets for therapeutic interventions. Several attractive molecules or pathways have been identified as new potential therapeutic targets for bone metastases caused by metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. In this review, we present the recent advances in molecular targeted therapies for prostate cancer bone metastasis focusing on therapies that target the bone cells and the bone microenvironment. The therapies covered in this review include agents that inhibit bone resorption, agents that stimulate bone formation, and agents that target the bone matrix. Suggestions to devise more effective molecular targeted therapies are proposed. Hopefully, with better understanding of the biology of the disease and the development of more robust targeted therapies, the survival and quality of life of the affected individuals could be significantly improved.

The implementation of OFDM system suffers from the effect of phase noise generated by local oscillator (LO), which disturbs the orthogonality between subcarriers and causes intercarrier interference (ICI). In this paper, the symmetric conjugate-negative property of the ICI weighting function is found. Based on that, the ICI self-cancellation of symmetric data-conjugate method is studied to suppress phase noise. The carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) improvement by this method is shown to be larger than 22dB in flat fading channel. For a BER of 10 −3 , this method can tolerate a phase noise standard deviation of 7 deg in flat fading channel. Moreover, this method could offer frequency diversity gain in frequency selective channels. Both analytical and numerical results show that this method outperforms the conventional schemes.

The implementation of OFDM system suffers from the effect of phase noise (PHN) generated by local oscillator (LO), which disturbs the orthogonality among subcarriers and causes intercarrier interference (ICI). In frequency domain, the received signal can be formulated as the circular convolution of the transmitted signal and the ICI weighting function. In this paper, the symmetric conjugate property of the ICI weighting function is investigated. Based on that, the ICI self-cancellation of symmetric data-conjugate method is studied to suppress PHN. A new ICI cancelling demodulation (ICD) scheme with frequency diversity combining is proposed. Under flat fading channel, the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) improvement from this proposed method is larger than 22 dB, and can tolerate a phase noise with standard deviation of 7 deg when BER is 10 3 . In frequency selective fading channel, the proposed method is shown to be able to offer significant diversity gain.Index Terms-frequency diversity, intercarrier interference (ICI), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), Phase noise (PHN).

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