La identificación de la alteración en el cromosoma 21 ha permitido catalogar las principales comorbilidades coexistentes en las personas con síndrome de Down. Desde 1866 John Langdon Down realizó una descripción de algunos problemas médicos en las personas con trisomía 21, pero no fue sino hasta 1970 cuando Coleman efectuó una revisión de las comorbilidades y estudios de laboratorio y gabinete que regularmente deben practicarse en esta población.

IntroductionDown syndrome is associated with various congenital anomalies and metabolic alterations such as hematological alterations. Values for the major hematological indicators vary with age and sex, but these values have not been described for Mexican children with Down syndrome.Objective. To describe the complete blood count (CBC) values of pediatric patients with Down syndrome and report the most common non-malignant hematological alterations. Materials and Methods.The analysis includes data from 450 patients with Down syndrome, 55.5% ware males, aged 0-18 years who were patients at the Mexican National Institute of Pediatrics and whose clinical charts included CBC panel results for the period January 2008 through March 2018. Results.A total of 3438 CBC panels were analyzed with descriptive statistics to find the values and statistical dispersion of the major indicators, with percentiles, and reported separately by sex and age group. The most common non-malignant hematological alterations found were macrocytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytosis. There were differences in values in all three series.Conclusions. The CBC panels and hematological alterations are summarized for patients with Down syndrome.

The American Academy of Pediatrics have previously described comorbidities and health care recommendations in Down syndrome.This review was conducted of topics that have not been included in previously published recommendations or that require updating, this topics are: neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, thyroid dysfunction, deglutition disorders, immunity, vaccination, pulmonary hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias, hyperuricemia, vitamin D, oxidative stress, and autism. Method: Searches were performed with CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, LILACS, RIMA and BNI and assessed for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Conclusions: The medical aspects presented in this articlecan help to the health care professionals to provide more effective care. The early detection of some comorbiditiescan improve prognosis and lower the cost of care for the complications then may cause.