In the Lesser Caucasus three main domains are distinguished from SW to NE: (1) the autochthonous South Armenian Block (SAB), a Gondwana-derived terrane; (2) the ophiolitic Sevan-Akera suture zone; and (3) the Eurasian plate. Based on our field work, new stratigraphical, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data combined with previous data we present new insights on the subduction, obduction and collision processes recorded in the Lesser Caucasus. Two subductions are clearly identified, one related to the Neotethys subduction beneath the Eurasian margin and one intra-oceanic (SSZ) responsible for the opening of a back-arc basin which corresponds to the ophiolites of the Lesser Caucasus. The obduction occurred during the Late Coniacian to Santonian and is responsible for the widespread ophiolitic nappe outcrop in front of the suture zone. Following the subduction of oceanic lithosphere remnants under Eurasia, the collision of the SAB with Eurasia started during the Paleocene, producing 1) folding of ophiolites, arc and Upper Cretaceous formations (Transcaucasus massif to Karabakh); 2) thrusting toward SW; and 3) a foreland basin in front of the belt. Upper-Middle Eocene series unconformably cover the three domains. From Eocene to Miocene as a result of the Arabian plate collision with the SAB to the South, southward propagation of shortening featured by folding and thrusting occurred all along the belt. These deformations are sealed by a thick sequence of unconformable Miocene to Quaternary clastic and volcanic rocks of debated origin.
Abstract. -Since the 1970s Ordovician carbonate rocks from Kazakhstan have provided well-preserved radiolarian faunas and this country remains one of the most important areas in the world to learn about Lower Palaeozoic radiolarian taxonomy and biostratigraphy. Here we describe a new lower Arenigian radiolarian assemblage and discuss all currently available Ordovician radiolarian data from Kazakhstan. The newly discovered assemblage is curiously oligospecific, despite its good state of preservation. Four morphospecies are recognised, including a new genus and two new species : Inanihella bakanasensis (NAZAROV) and I.(?) akzhala n.sp, which characterise the assemblage, together with Triplococcus acanthicus n.gen n.sp. and Proventocitum sp.cf. P. procerulum. This is the oldest radiolarian assemblage from limestone lithologies of Kazakhstan and one of the very few Lower Ordovician assemblages discovered worldwide. We specify in this study the age range of the succeeding Haplentactinia armillata-Proventocitum procerulum assemblage, defined earlier by Nazarov and Popov [1980], which now covers the middle Arenigian -lower Llanvirnian (lower Abereiddian) interval. The succeeding upper Llanvirnian (Llandeilian) Haplentactinia juncta -Inanigutta unica assemblage reported by Nazarov and Popov [1980] reflects a substantial increase in radiolarian diversity, due largely to the introduction of new members of the family Inaniguttidae.La biodiversité des radiolaires ordoviciens : regard à partir des données nouvelles et révisées provenant du KazakhstanMots clés. -Radiolaires, Ordovicien, Kazakhstan, BiodiversitéRésumé. -Les études taxinomiques et biostratigraphiques des Radiolaires de l'Ordovicien s'intègrent dans l'effort actuel de la communauté scientifique (PICG n o 410) pour mieux comprendre un événement majeur de biodiversification dans l'écosystème marin à cette époque. Notre contribution intéresse un matériel exceptionnellement bien préservé du Kazakhstan. A l'occasion de l'étude d'un nouvel assemblage de Radiolaires et une révision des données stratigraphiques pour les trois autres assemblages connus du Kazakhstan (figs. 1-4), étudiés préalablement par Nazarov et Popov [1980], nous améliorons la biozonation de Nazarov et apportons des précisions supplémentaires sur la répartition stratigraphique de certains taxa, relativement faciles à reconnaître et par conséquent de grande utilité pour dater des radiolarites. Les changements fauniques à l'intérieur de ces assemblages se résument comme suit. 1) Le plus ancien échantillon à notre disposition est daté de l'Arénigien inférieur par des Conodontes (Oistodus lanceolatus déterminée par T. Tolmacheva) et constitue le plus ancien niveau à radiolaires provenant du Kazakhstan. Ce matériel nous permet d'établir un nouvel assemblage, caractérisé par une faible diversité, malgré son excellent état de préservation. Quatre espèces seulement peuvent être recensées (figs. 5-6) : Inanihella bakanasensis (NAZAROV) et I.(?) akzhala n.sp. : deux espèces relativement faciles à distinguer, ...
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