The relative risk of immune-mediated disorders (IMDs) among women carrier of premutation alleles is estimated by a survey for IMDs among 344 carrier women (age 19 to 81 years; mean 46.35 and SD 12.60) and 72 controls (age 18 to 87 years; mean 52.40 and SD 15.40). One hundred fifty four (44.77%) women carrier had at least one IMD, as did 20 controls (27.78%). Among women carrier, autoimmune thyroid disorder was the most common (24.4%), then fibromyalgia (10.2%), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS; 9.9%), Raynaud’s phenomenon (7.6%), rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 3.8%), Sjögren syndrome (2.6%), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 2.03%), multiple sclerosis (1.74%). Of 55 carriers age 40 or older with FXTAS, 72.73% had at least one IMD, compared to 46.54% of those without FXTAS (n=159), and 31.58% of controls (n=57). The estimated odds ratio (OR) for IMD is 2.6 (95% CI 1.2–5.6, p = 0.015) for women with FXTAS relative to those without FXTAS; the likelihood of IMD in carriers without or with FXTAS was also significantly higher than for controls (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–4.2, p = 0.034; OR 5.5, 95% CI 2.4–12.5, p < 0.001 respectively). Similarly, the odds of having an IMD among carriers with FXPOI is about 2.4 times higher when compared to carriers without FXPOI (95% CI 1.1–5.0; p = 0.021). The likelihood of IMD in carriers with or without FXPOI is greater (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.0; p = 0.021) compared to that of controls.

Prevalence autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been on rise, but many studies suggests over-diagnosed. Currently, children have more access to electronic media on the daily basis than those of previous generation. Some studies suggest that increases screen time is associated with melanopsin-expressing neurons and decreasing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter, and thus results aberrant behavior, decreased cognitive, and language development. Early exposure of electronic media in early life (< 2 years old) gives an impact on language, but it still inconclusive. We made a study aiming at revealing the impact of early exposure of electronic screen on language development and autistic-like behavior. Results showed that children who spent viewing ≤ 3 hours per day had language delay and short attention span, while children who spent viewing ≥ 3 hours per day had language delay, short attention span, and hyperactivity. While, we found that more than a half of children (66.6%) had no parents-child interaction during the exposure, speech delayed and short attention had been reported in all cases, and hyperactivity was found in 66.6% children.

This study was done to determine the risk of anxiety and depression symptoms among fragile X premutation carriers. Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HARS) and Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) was administered by trained physicians to measure the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively. Caregiver distress factors which directly contribute to caregiver burden in particular degree of relationship with the child, number of FXS child, child institutional/educational status, number of hours spent providing care per day, and the degree of illness severity were documented. Thirty-one fragile X carriers (27 females, 4 males), aged 32-77 years participated in this study. Only 3.2% had anxiety symptoms, while depression symptoms were identified in 35.5% carriers. Number of hours of providing care/day were significantly associated with depression symptoms (p<0.001). The prevalence ratio (PR) of depression among individuals who had a distress score above cutoff was 3.2 (95% CI= 1.2 to 8.5) compared to those who had a distress score below cutoff with p=0.02. Fragile X premutation carriers are at a greater risk to develop depression symptoms related to the hours spent in caring for children with fragile X syndrome (FXS).

Introduction: Depression is a mental disorder associated with biological, environmental and psychological factors. Depression is estimated to be a disease that requires the second largest expense on treatment. Chronic stress will reduce serotonin activity and storage and also stimulate the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and other glucocorticoid hormones. Nutritional intake such as carbohydrates and protein also plays a role in depression with various mechanisms. The study aims to investigate the role of psychosocial stressors, carbohydrate and protein intake on serum cortisol and serotonin levels in patients with depressionMethods: The study used an analytic observational approach with a cross sectional design. Subjects were selected by consecutive sampling and were asked to fill out the general characteristics questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) - II to determine depression levels, Holmes Rahe scale to measure psychosocial stressors, food frequency questionnaires to measure carbohydrate and protein intake. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were taken blood samples to measure the cortisol and serotonin levels.Result: Of the 79 subjects, 57 (72%) women and 22 (28%) men with an average age of 43 ± 3 years. A total of 64 (81%) subjects were with mild psychosocial stressors and 5 (6%) were severe. Psychosocial stressor were not significantly correlated with either serotonin (p=0.479), nor cortisol level (p=0.625) Carbohydrate were not significantly correlated with serotonin level (p=0.628) and cortisol level (p=0.252). Protein was not significantly correlated with serotonin level (p=0.688) and cortisol level (p=0.110).Conclusion: There was no correlation between psychosocial stressors, carbohydrate and protein intake with serum cortisol and serotonin levels in depressed patients.