Despite high prevalence of malignancy of the thyroid, recurrent thyroid cancer remains a poorly understood entity. This paper aims to consolidate research and literature specifically on recurrent disease by discussing its epidemiology, genetics, surveillance, treatment and outcomes. Mutations in the BRAF and RET genes predispose to recurrent disease. Currently utilized surveillance methods include thyroglobulin monitoring, radioiodine body scanning, PET/ CT, and neck ultrasound. Surgical reoperation is optimal treatment of choice. Long term outcomes still remain poorly described.