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Abstract

Background: Nigella sativa is reported to have an antioxidant effect, so allegedly has anti-diabetic effect. Objectives:The aim of this study is to explore ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract of Nigela sativa Linn. (EANS) effect toward blood glucose level in diabetic rats induced by alloxan. Materials and Methods: Twenty five male rats (150–200 g). The rats were divided into five groups in which there were 5 rats in each group. Group I was treated by glibenclamide 0.63 mg/kg bw (positive control); Group II was treated by aqueous 2,5 ml/200 g bw (negative control); and Groups III; IV and V were treated by ethyl acetate of ethanol extract of N. sativa seed at a dosage of 250 mg/kg bw; 500 mg/kg bw and 1000mg/kg bw respectively. Results: The results of this study are EANS can reduced blood glucose level on diabetic rats induced by alloxan. Nigella sativa has potencies anti-diabetic effect. Conclusion: Nigella sativa Linn. seed has potency as anti-diabetic candidate.

Stroke is cardiovascular disease that causes the world's highest disability and is the most prevalence disease after heart disease and cancer. Stroke is caused by circulatory disorders with 80% of the sufferers are diagnosed with ischemic stroke and 20% of them are diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke. Patients who survive from the first stroke have high risk to have recurrent stroke. American Heart Association/American Stroke Association and Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Syaraf Indonesia recommend secondary stroke prevention therapy including antiplatelet/anticoagulant, antihypertensive agents, and antidislipidemia to minimalize the risk of recurrent stroke. Secondary stroke prevention therapy is only the first step. Patients need to be adhere to those therapies. The non-adherence will increase the risk of recurrent stroke. The study aimed to determine factors which causing the non-adherence to secondary prevention therapy in patients with ischemic stroke. This was a case control study with concecutive sampling method by interviewing patients who met the inclusion criterias i.e., had been diagnosed and were inpatients due to ischemic stroke, but in the time of interview patients were outpatients, patients were able to communicate and agree to participate in the study.Data was analized by bivariate / chi square test and multivariate logistic regression test. During the study period, 184 respondents met the inclusion criterias. Factors affecting non-adherence in the use of secondary prevention therapy were No one reminded to take medicine p = 0.03; OR 4.51, denial of the disease p = 0,036 OR 214, and tired of taking medicine p = 0,045 OR 1,97.

Cynometra ramiflora Linn traditionally used as anti diabetic, anti hyperuricemia, hypertension, rheumatoid, and others diseases. It is important to obtain other biological activity of Sala plant. Previous research found that the ethanol extract of the steam bark Sala plant from Bangladesh has antibacterial activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of steam bark of Sala plant against five bacterial species based on value of MBC. Antibacterial evaluated by solid dilution method using Mueller Hinton (MH) media. The test divided to media control, solvent and bacteria suspension and the extract group. The extract screened against five bacteria (Shigella sonei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli multi resistant and Staphylococcus aureus multi resistant) at four different concentration (0.125; 0.25, 1 and 2%). The results showed that the ethanol extract of steam bark of Cynometra ramiflora Linn has potential as an antibacterial activity with MBC value of 2% against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. sonei. On the other hand, K pneumonia and E. coli exhibited low potential because until highest concentration.