Heroin use and addiction pose serious risks and side effects due to overdose. Quantification of heroin in biological samples is challenging due to rapid deacetylation of heroin to its active metabolites. In this study, we report the quantification of metabolic degradation of heroin by-products in biological urine samples. The presence of the drug was monitored after oral administration of heroin at different time intervals. Various biophysical techniques, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to evaluate the presence of the drug. A competitive fluorescence based immunoassay was developed with a limit of detection (LOD) up to 0.01 ng mL À1 and the IC 50 value was 0.1 ng mL À1 , while the dipstick assay shows a LOD up to 5 ng mL À1. Rapid detection of narcotic drugs was carried out for biological urine samples collected at various time points. Validation of the developed dipstick was carried out for the standard as well as the spiked urine samples by fluorescence based immunoassay (FIA), using anti-morphine antibodies. A strong correlation (R ¼ 0 .94) was obtained between the developed dipstick and FIA assay for biological urine samples collected at various time points. The developed immunochromatographic dipstick is highly sensitive, field applicable and cost effective, and can serve as a first choice for the monitoring of narcotic drugs in blood, urine and saliva in drug addicts and athletes.

Significant progress has laid the groundwork in understanding the fundamental role of catalase enzyme and catalase-like nanozymes, notably with the emergence of nano-bioreactors which are promoting nanomaterials-based antitumor therapeutic strategies. The radiotherapy techniques such as photodynamic, photothermal, photoacoustic and along with chemotherapy are extensively used for interrupting microenvironment by exerting to locally applied ionizingradiations. Nevertheless, tumor therapy not only deficient in therapeutic efficiency for various solid tumors but also alerts significant side effects. The convergence of nano-bioreactor driven catalase delivery at the lysosome of tumor cells with photodynamic therapy (PDT) tool along with the engineered catalase-like nanozymes enable outstanding efficacy of radiotherapy for in vivo target specific cell population. Herein, the state of the art of catalase delivering nano-bioreactors that activate the catalase delivery in tumor microenvironment (TME) are reviewed. This was linked with the functional mimic catalase-like engineered nanozymes for improving the challenges in the TME for a widerange of cell lines in vivo. Such nanoarchitecture-based strategies of catalase and synthetic nanozymes include lysosomal upregulation of H 2 O 2 in TME, image-based probing, and mechanism of catalase action for reactive oxygen species generation which are likely to amplify efficiency of cancer therapy.

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