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Hyperspectral imaging is an important technique in remote sensing which is characterized by high spectral resolutions. With the advent of new hyperspectral remote sensing missions and their increased temporal resolutions, the availability and dimensionality of hyperspectral data is continuously increasing. This demands fast processing solutions that can be used to compress and/or interpret hyperspectral data on board spacecraft imaging platforms in order to reduce downlink connection requirements and perform a more efficient exploitation of hyperspectral data sets in various applications. Over the last few years, reconfigurable hardware solutions such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been consolidated as the standard choice for on-board remote sensing processing due to their smaller size, weight and power consumption when compared with other high performance computing systems, as well as to the availability of more FPGAs with increased tolerance to ionizing radiation in space. Although there have been many literature sources on the use of FPGAs in remote sensing in general and in hyperspectral remote sensing in particular, there is no specific reference discussing the state-of-the-art and future trends of applying this flexible and dynamic technology to such missions. In this work, a necessary first step in this direction is taken by providing an extensive review and discussion of the (current and future) capabilities of reconfigurable hardware and FPGAs in the context of hyperspectral remote sensing missions.

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gatherin 9 and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. ABSTRACTA new class of distributed space missions is emerging which requires hundreds to thousands of satellites for real-time, distributed, multi-point sensing to accomplish long-awaited remote sensing and science objectives. These missions, stymied by the lack of a lowcost mass-producible solution, can become reality by merging the concepts of distributed satellite systems and terrestrial wireless sensor networks. However, unlike terrestrial sensor nodes, space-based nodes must survive unique environmental hazards while undergoing complex orbital dynamics. A novel sub-kilogram very small satellite design is needed to meet these requirements. Subkilogram satellite concepts are developing elsewhere, such as traditional picosatellites and microengineered aerospace systems. Although viable technical solutions, these technologies currently come at a high cost due to their reliance on high-density technology or custom manufacturing processes. While evaluating these technologies, two untapped technology areas became evident that uniquely encompass low cost and mass producibility by leveraging existing commercial production techniques: satellite-on-a-chip and satellite-on-a printed-circuit-board. This paper focuses on the design, build, and test results of a prototype satellite-on-a printedcircuit-board with a prototype unit cost of only $300. The paper concludes with mission applications and future direction. INTRODUCTIONDSMs where real-time, distributed, multi-point sensing is required to accomplish long-awaited remote sensing and A new class of distributed space missions (DSMs) is emerging science objectives. The solution space of low-cost masswhich requires hundreds to thousands of satellites for realproducible VSS technologies is then discussed where a time, distributed, multi-point sensing to accomplish longpromising solution of satellite-on-a-PCB was discovered. The awaited remote sensing and science objectives. These design, build, and test results of the prototype are presented. missions, stymied by the lack of a low-cost mass-producible Mission applications, challenges, and ...

The use of static random access memory (SRAM)-based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) in harsh radiation environments has grown in recent years. These types of programmable devices require special mitigation techniques targeting the configuration memory, the user logic, and the embedded RAM blocks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of the literature published in this rich research field during the past 10 years. Furthermore, it can also serve as a tutorial for space engineers, scientists, and decision makers who need an introduction to this topic.