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China's recent hukou reform provides opportunities for rural-urban migrants to acquire formal citizenship and for the country's urbanisation to step into a fair and humanistic stage. However, the between-city variation in migrants' intention of hukou transfer and the heterogeneity of its influencing factors have rarely been examined.These research gaps make it impossible to the rationality and effectiveness of the localised hukou entry criteria formulated by city governments. In this paper, we addressed the gaps by using nationwide large-sample survey data and a multilevel modelling approach with particular focus on the effects of city size. Results confirmed the higher willingness of migrants in larger cities for hukou transfer, which is in sharp contradiction with the small-city orientation of the current hukou reform. Our findings further verified the greater preference of well-educated migrants for large cities than less educated groups, implying an accelerated concentration of talents in leading cities. This research demonstrates the importance of the between-city variation perspective in understanding the variegated thoughts of rural-urban migrants, the effectiveness of localised public policies, and the future of China's migrant-dominated model of urbanisation.

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Improving life expectancy, as well as people’s health and wellbeing, is an important goal both for the Chinese government and the United Nations. Therefore, to analyze the main factors influencing life expectancy in prefecture-level cities in China, this study uses classical ordinary least-squares regression and geographical weighted regression on the data of the latest census. Moreover, regional differences induced by each influencing factor are also depicted in this study. The results demonstrate that there is significant heterogeneity and spatial positive correlation among the distribution of life expectancy in prefecture-level cities, with a generally higher life expectancy in the provincial capitals and eastern China, and lower in western China. The geographically weighted regression analysis shows that the economic development level, medical conditions, demographic structure, natural environment, and city attributes all affect the distribution of life expectancy, but that their effects have significant spatial heterogeneity. Life expectancy of the less developed areas in Western China is affected dominantly by economic development level, whereas medical services and education are of great importance in determining the life expectancy in Northern and Southern China, respectively. Thus, it is crucial to solve health problems based on local conditions, especially focusing on the improvement of health and health care in underdeveloped areas. Meanwhile, for the eastern developed areas, special attention should be paid to environmental protection in the economic process, while striving to achieve high-quality development.