An attractive avenue for a memory device is offered by thermally induced magnetization switching (TIMS), which is expected to increase the storage density. As an essential step in TIMS, the transient ferromagnetic-like state (TFLS) has attracted much attention. Here, our research analyzes the TFLS from the perspective of magnetization rate based on extensive atomic spin simulations in a parameter space necessary for the formation of TIMS. The results demonstrate that the evolution of the magnetization rate for both Fe and Gd sublattices has two peaks at different timescales, and the two peaks are driven by the Langevin field and the exchange field, respectively. By modulating the pulse fluence, the initial temperature, the pulse duration, the electron–phonon coupling factor, and the damping constant, we find that the first peak of the magnetization rate depends not only on the electron thermal bath and temperature of the phonon but also on the energy transfer rate between the electronic system and the spin system. Moreover, we elucidate the role played by the Langevin field and the exchange field in TFLS formation when modulating the pulse fluence, initial temperature, and pulse duration. The simulation results show that the enhancement of the Langevin field prolongs the duration of TFLS. The enhancement of the exchange field at a long pulse duration before the electron system cools down leads to the shortening of the TFLS duration. However, the time required for Gd demagnetization after the electron system cools down to the Curie temperature changes only slightly when modulating these simulated parameters.

The motility ability of intestinal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing bacteria determines their translocation to the enterohepatic circulation and works as an infectious complication. In this study, the health effects of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides (CMPs) were re-evaluated based on whether these polysaccharides could affect the motility of gut commensal LPSproducing bacteria and impede their translocation. The results showed that CMP-m fermentation in the gut could change the chemical environment, leading to a decrease in velocity and a shift in the motility pattern. Further study suggested that detachment/ fragmentation of flagella, decreased motor forces, and changed chemical conditions might account for this weakened motility. The adhesion and invasion abilities of gut bacteria were also reduced, with lower expression of virulence-related genes. These results indicated that the health regulation effects of CMP-m might be through decreasing the motility of LPS-producing bacteria, hindering their translocation and therefore reducing the LPS level in the enterohepatic circulation.

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The local density of states (LDOS), which describes the space-resolved density of states, has been studied in the context of exploring topological materials. Here, we report the observation of the fractional mode charge of topological states in a four-dimensional synthetic acoustic system, which is based on coupled acoustic cavities. We experimentally measured the LDOS of topological boundary states and corner states of this system and observed one-half and one-quarter fractional mode charges. In addition, we also obtained the LDOS in a three-dimensional acoustic system by simulation and observed the one-eighth fractional mode charge of the system. The results show that the appearance of topological states can correspond to the fractional charges, which is useful for the understanding of topology in acoustic systems and provides a new method for the characterization of topological states in topological acoustic systems.