The toxic impact of microplastics/nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) in plants and the food chain has recently become a top priority. Several research articles highlighted the impact of MPs/NPs on the aquatic food chain; however, very little has been done in the terrestrial ecosystem. A number of studies revealed that MPs/NPs uptake and subsequent translocation in plants alter plant morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic properties to varying degrees. However, there is a research gap regarding MPs/NPs entry into plants, associated factors influencing phytotoxicity levels, and potential remediation plans in terms of food safety and security. To address these issues, all sources of MPs/NPs intrusion in agroecosystems should be revised to avoid these hazardous materials with special consideration as preventive measures. Furthermore, this review focuses on the routes of accumulation and transmission of MPs/NPs into plant tissues, related aspects influencing the intensity of plant stress, and potential solutions to improve food quality and quantity. This paper also concludes by providing an outlook approach of applying exogenous melatonin and introducing engineered plants that would enhance stress tolerance against MPs/NPs. In addition, an overview of inoculation of beneficial microorganisms and encapsulated enzymes in soil has been addressed, which would make the degradation of MPs/NPs faster. Graphical Abstract

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Bangladesh during the period of February to November, 2015. In the experiment, runners of two strawberry cultivars viz. BARI Strawberry -1 and Modern Strawberry-5 (Festival) were cultured on MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL -1 ) and Kin (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mgL -1 ) for multiple shoot regeneration. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The highest number of shoots (10.41) was obtained from Modern Strawberry-5 and maximum shoot length (13.62 mm) obtained from BARI Strawberry-1. Maximum number of shoots (13.33) and shoot length (24.29 mm) were recorded from MS media containing 1.0 mgL -1 BAP and 1.0 mgL -1 Kin. Then all the regenerated plantlets were cultured on MS media containing 2.0 mgL -1 IAA for root initiation. Greater reduction in vigor was observed in Modern Strawberry-5 (Festival) when they were transferred to root induction media. Ex vitro survivability of the complete plantlets varied from 36.67 to 6.67%. Maximum survivability of both varieties 36.67% (BARI Strawberry -1 ) and 26.67% (Festival) were recorded from MS media supplemented with 1.0 mgL-1 BAP and 1.0 mgL -1 Kin. For in vitro micropropagation, BARI Strawberry-1 may be better and MS media supplemented with 1.0 mgL -1 BAP and 1.0 mgL -1 Kin may be better.

Introduction: The unique feature of caudate lobe of liver is that it has a dual blood supply. Since it is supplied both by branches of portal vein and hepatic artery, it may undergo compensatory hypertrophy in different hepatic diseases like cirrhosis of liver. In addition, excessive localised growth of the liver may be manifested as accessory lobules. Previous studies in different settings had implied an ethnic predisposition affecting the morphology of the liver. All these factors revealed an urgent need for further research regarding the surface variations and morphometry of the caudate lobe. Aim: To study the morphological variations and morphometric measurements of the caudate lobe of the human liver in eastern India. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken on 51 formalin fixed adult human livers in Department of Anatomy, Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India from March 2021 to September 2021. Vernier calliper was used to measure the Transverse Diameter (TD), Vertical Diameter (VD) and Anteroposterior Diameter (APD) of caudate lobe. In addition, the TD and APD diameters of Porta hepatis and TD of the right lobe of liver were also measured. Morphological variations were noted. The morphometric measurements and morphological variations of caudate lobe of liver were entered in Excel sheet which were further transported to IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) version 12.0 (free version) for further analysis. Morphometric measurements were analysed by using descriptive statistics. Caudate to right lobe (CRL) ratio was calculated manually. Results: Most common type of shape of caudate lobe was rectangular (37.25%). Mean values (in cm) of TD, VD, APD of caudate lobe were 2.4±0.54, 4.7±0.75, 1.9±0.51 respectively. The value of mean CRL (caudate to right lobe) ratio was 0.30. Conclusion: A detailed anatomical knowledge of the caudate lobe would be helpful to the surgeon to suitably plan hepatic resections and may also guide the radiologist regarding correct interpretation of imaging technique.

Population problem is a global crisis. It is a challenge to ensure supply food towards massive population through the utilization of limited resources. Nanotechnology is a potential tool in employ in attaining sustainability in food and feed production. Thus, with advancement in nanotechnology, application of carbon nanomaterials (CNMS) has become a promising technique in enhancing agricultural production. CNMs with their excellent physico-chemical properties, possess various positive impacts in growth and development of crop plants through regulation of different processes of plant physiology and genetics. Despite some challenges, there is potentiality of carbon-based nanomaterials application in agricultural and environmental aspects regarding climate changing issue. Therefore, this review paper evaluatefirstly, the impact of CNMs plant biotechnology for developing of crop species with desired gene; secondly promoting crop tolerate against different stresses; and finally pledging a better environment withsome prospects of transformation crop production in a sustainable way.