Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) under visible light in air via a singlet oxygen–superoxide anion radical pathway that readily kills Enterobacter sp.

Monitoring of adulterated and toxic food colors is important due to their potential toxicity and pathogenicity. Here, we repot an Ln-POM (lanthanide polyoxometalate) cluster, {[Na 10 (PrW 10 O 36 )] 2 Á130H 2 O}, with carbon nano-onion (CNO) hybrid composite which is a highly efficient sensor for the rapid detection of toxic dyes like metanil yellow, auramine O, Orange II and in allura red (red 40) as low as 3.83; 4.73; 4.14 and 2.90 nmol ml -1 concentration, respectively, by fluorescence spectroscopy.

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