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The face plays an essential role in identifying people and showing their emotions in society. The human ability to recognize faces is remarkable. But face recognition is a fundamental problem in many computer programs. Due to the inherent complexities of the face and the many changes in its features, different algorithms for face recognition have been introduced in the last 20 years. Face recognition methods that are based on the structure of the face are unsupervised methods that produce good results compared to the linear changes that occur in the image. In this article, the Gabor algorithm, which is the origin of face recognition algorithms, has been described. Over the past decade, most of the research in the area of pattern classification has emphasized the use of the Gabor filter bank for extracting features. Because the Gabor algorithm has shortcomings, researchers have introduced a new method that is a combination of Gabor and PCA. After the introduction of the Gabor method, more complete and accurate algorithms have been introduced, such as Boosting algorithms, which we have briefly explained in this article. Also, here are the results of the comparison made by the researchers between Boosting and Gabor algorithms. The results show that Boosting-based algorithms have performed better compared to Gabor-based algorithms.

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Soil contamination by anthropogenic heavy metals has become a global issue. This study aimed to investigate Cadmium (Cd) concentration, the mobility, and contamination indices of Cd in soils in the Hamadan province, west of Iran. One hundred soil samples from wheat farms and ve samples from control lands were collected to investigate the Cd concentration in soil. Pollution indexes, including Cd mobility, enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I geo) , contamination index (CI), and Availability ratio (AR), were investigated. The structural equation model was also used to evaluate effective parameters on cadmium's durability in soil. Results showed that mean values of available phosphorus (P) were 83.65, 129, and 65 (mg kg − 1 ) in three land-use types rainfed, irrigated, and controlled, respectively. The mean values of available Cd were 0.15, 0.18, and 0.08 (mg kg − 1 ) in different land-use types of rainfed, irrigated, and controlled, respectively. The results indicated that the amount of Cd in both forms (available and total) in farms that received fertilizer, especially P fertilizers, was higher than in the controlled land. Other pollution indexes revealed that the study area had been slightly contaminated due to anthropogenic activities. Lime, clay, lead, and OM were identi ed as affective parameters on the durability of cadmium. Finally, the results demonstrated that the mobility rate was high. Cd had a higher mobility potential in soil samples in the rain-fed and irrigated land than in the controlled land, and Cd had a low retention time.

Face recognition methods are computational algorithms that follow aim to identify a person's image according to the bank of images they have of different people. So far, various methods have been proposed for face recognition, which can generally be divided into two categories based on face structure and based on facial features. Based on this, many algorithms have been introduced and used for face recognition. Genetic algorithm has been one of the successful algorithms for face recognition. In this article, we first briefly explained the genetic algorithm and then used the combination of neural network and genetic algorithm to select and classify facial features The presented method has been evaluated using individual features and combined features of the face region. Composite features perform better than face region features in experimental tests. Also, a comprehensive comparison with other facial recognition techniques available in the FERET database is included in this paper. The proposed method has produced a classification accuracy of 94%, which is a significant improvement and the best classification accuracy among the results established in other studies.