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A mobile wireless infrastructure-less network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any already available centralized administration. Nodes battery lifetime is very limited in adhoc network. In case if the battery power of node exhausted then it leads to several subdivisions in network. Therefore these subdivided nodes make the censorious spot in the network. These critical nodes can exhaust their battery power earlier because of excessive load and processing for data forwarding. The imbalance in generated loads increases the possibility of failure in network nodes, decreases the route lifetime, make partitions in network and decreases route reliability of the MANETs. Due to this, energy consumption issue becomes a vital research topic in wireless infrastructure -less networks. The power aware routing is a most important design technique for MANETs. This review is based on the routing techniques that are based on the minimization of energy usage of individual nodes and many other ways. This review presents various power aware routing mechanisms proposed for wireless infrastructure-less networks. The main aim of the study of power aware protocol is to help the new researchers and application developers to explore an innovative idea for designing more efficient routing protocols.

The present study reports the effect of a dopant (gadolinium, Gd) on the grain size, generation of oxygen vacancies, and conductivity in ceria. Undoped and doped ceria (Ce 1−x Gd x O 2−δ , x = 0, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30) are synthesized by the ultrasound-assisted sol−gel combustion method, followed by sintering at 1450 °C for 4 h. X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of the cubic fluorite phase. The lattice parameter variation confirms that the solid solubility limit of present samples lies between x = 0.20 and x = 0.30. The crystallite size of the powders ranges between 5 and 30 nm. The morphology of sintered materials is studied using scanning electron microscopy. Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the presence of different structural defects and oxygen vacancies in undoped and Gd-doped ceria (CeO 2 ) samples. It also helped to detect the secondary phase formed in the GDC-30 sample. Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 2−δ with a uniform, dense morphology and the presence of oxygen vacancies has the highest electrical conductivity (1.67 × 10 −2 S cm −1 at 600 °C). It could be a suitable material for electrolytes in solid-oxide fuel cells.

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