No abstract

Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan causing trichomoniasis, is one of the commonest non-viral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. It is a motile trophozoite lives in the lower genitourinary tract of females and the prostate and urethra of men and cause of symptomatic vaginitis in women. T. vaginalis causes serious complications such as increases risk of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) transmission in both women and men with the adverse outcomes during pregnancy. Besides, complications for symptomatic women include vaginitis, endometritis, infertility, and cervical cancer, and for men include urethritis, prostatitis, epididymitis, and infertility. The disorder was underdiagnosed the drug of choice is oral metronidaz-ole for both partners but if this fails, clinicians may use other nitroimidazoles. The study enhanced the as to T. vaginalis. Setting: Study was done in a Military Hospital. Design: A quasi-experimental study (pre & posttest) was used. Subjects were 63 nursing staff. Study tools: Composed of socio-demographic characteristics of nurses and knowledge questionnaire sheet and pre & posttest.The results showed statistically significant improvement in the nursing knowledge regarding Trichomonas vaginalis. Recommendations: Developing periodic educational program and evaluation regarding Trichomonas vaginalis on regular basis, would competency to provide high quality nursing care.

Trichinella spiralis is the smallest viviparous nematode parasite, occurring in rodents, pigs, bears, hyenas and humans, causing trichinosis. It is sometimes referred to as the pork worm due to typical encountered in undercooked pork products. It should not be confused with the distantly related pork tapeworm. Trichinosis (trichinellosis) causes headaches, fevers, myalgias, chills, cough, swelling of the face and eyes, aching joints and muscle pains, itchy skin, diarrhea, or constipation may follow the first symptoms. But, early clinical diagnosis is so difficult without specific trichinellosis signs or symptoms. Man becomes infected when eat raw or undercooked meats, particularly bear, pork, wild feline (such as a cougar), fox, dog, cat, wolf, horse, seal, or walrus may carry the parasite. Host ingested even high numbers of Trichinella larvae from infectious meat don t develop clinical symptoms such as those occurred in human patients. Person-to-person spread does not occur. Mild to moderate infections most symptoms fatigue, weakness, muscle pain, and diarrhea may last for months subside within a few months. In heavy infection (myocarditis & encephalitis) patients may experience difficulty coordinating movements, with heart and breathing problems can be fatal. Mebendazole ® and/or Albendazole ® killed adults, and thus preventing more release of infected larvae and stopping infection within the patient.

This study evaluated the role of routine biopsy from the site of previously resected superficial bladder tumor three months following resection and intravesical BCG therapy in the presence of negative urine cytology and cystoscopy. Thirty-two patients (21males and 11 females) with high-risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder were followed prospectively. All patients received a single six weeks course of intravesical Bacillus Chalmette-Guerin (BCG). Three months following resection, urine cytology was done. Cystoscopy was then performed and a routine biopsy from the previous resection site was taken. All patients included in the study had negative urine cytology and cystoscopy at the time of biopsy. Four (12.5%) patients were having TCC although they had negative urine cytology and cystoscopy at the time of biopsy. The histological recurrence was corresponded to T1G1 in two patients and T1G2 in the other two patients and the pathology after BCG treatment for the four patients was the same as before instillation. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with positive and negative biopsies with regard to the stage and grade of the tumor before resection, or the number of resected lesions.

Animal bites are common worldwide and may be associated with significant morbidity. Biting is a common zoological behavior involving the active, rapid closing of the jaw around an object. A behavior is found in toothed animals as mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, but can also exist in arthropods. Besides, human biting is an age appropriate behavior and reaction for human children 30 months and younger. Conversely, children are expected to have verbal skills to explain their needs and dislikes, biting is not seen as age appropriate. Biting may be prevented by methods including redirection, change in environment and responding to biting by talking about appropriate ways to express anger and frustration. Preschool and schoolaged children, those older than 30 months, who habitually bite may require professional intervention,