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Objective: Evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of Berberine (BBR) in acetaminophen (AAP) induced liver injury. Study design: Experimental study. Place and Duration: Animal House, Isra University Hyderabad from October 2015 to March 2016. Methodology: A sample of 80 male Wistar rats was selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and was divided into a control and three experimental groups. Acetaminophen, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and BBR were administered in standard doses. Cardiac puncture collected blood samples after 18 hours of the post-experiment period. Liver function test, antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by ELISA assay kit (Fortress Diagnostics). The data was analyzed on Statistix 10.0 software (USA) at 95% CI (P≤ 0.05). Results: The BBR showed antioxidant and antiperoxidant activity against acetaminophen-induced liver injury. BBR treated animals showed increased serum and tissue SOD, GPX, CAT, and GSSH with a reduction in tissue MDA (p=0.0001). Liver injury ameliorating effect of BBR was superior to N-acetyl cysteine. Conclusion: The present study suggests Berberine protects against acetaminophen-induced liver injury by its free radical scavenging activity.

Objective: Determine effects of berberine (BBR) on bloog glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1, serum insulin, C – peptide, insulin resistance and β– cell physiology. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration: Department of Physiology Isra University and Animal house of Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam from August 2019 to February 2020. Methodology: A sample of 100 adult Wistar male rats was selected according to criteria of study and divided into 5 groups through random technique. Group A – negative controls (N/S 0.9%), Group B – positive control (diabetic rats – Alloxan 120 mg/kg) (i.p), Group C – E; Diabetic rat + BBR (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) respectively. Blood samples were collected from retro-orbital venous plexus by capillary tube. Sera were separated at 3000 rpm (15 minutes). Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β – cell secretory activity (HOMA-β) were calculated by mathematical formula. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 21.0 (IBM, incorporation, USA) at 95% CI (P≤ 0.05). Results: The present study noted significant improvement of fasting and random blood glucose, glycated HbA1, serum insulin and C –peptide, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β – cell physiology. Conclusion: Berberine (BBR) ameliorates the bloog glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1, serum insulin, c – peptide, insulin resistance and β– cell physiology.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of hypophosphatemia in patientswith diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period: Six months. Setting:Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad. Patients and methods: All the patients of ≥35 yearsof age, either gender with known cases of diabetes mellitus type 2 for one year duration wererecruited, enrolled and evaluate for serum phosphate level. The data was analyzed in SPSS 16and the frequency and percentage was calculated. Results: During six months study period,total one hundred patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied for serum phosphatelevel. The mean age ±SD for overall population was 53.85±7.63 whereas it was 54.53±6.87and 55.93±6.94 in male and female populations respectively while the mean ±SD for serumphosphate in male and female population was 1.52±0.74 and 1.90±0.93 respectively. Thehypophosphatemia was observed in 67% patients of which 37(55%) were males and 30(45%)were females (p=0.03) statistically significant. The HBA1c was raise in 72% patients of which52 cases had hypophosphatemia (p=0.05) statistically significant. Conclusion: One hundreddiabetic patients were studied and 67% shown significantly decreases serum phosphate level incontext to age and gender while raised HBA1c, shown inversely proportional relationship withHBA1c respectively.

Stroke is continued to rise in developing countries of the world. Early recognition and prompt treatment of poor prognostic factors would reduce mortality and morbidity. The objective of our study was evaluation of factors affecting prognosis of ischemic stroke patients and to assess thirty days mortality and outcome. Study Design: Crosssectional, prospective study.