The materials of the National Consensus reflect the modern domestic and international experience on this issue. Before conducting a specialized endocrinological examination of a short child, all other causes of short stature should be excluded: severe somatic diseases in a state of decompensation that can affect growth velocity, congenital systemic skeletal diseases, syndromic short stature (all girls with growth retardation require a mandatory study of karyotype, depending on the presence or absence of phenotypic signs of Turner syndrome), endocrine diseases in decompensation. A specialized examination of the state of GH-IGF-I axis is carried out when the proportionally folded child has pronounced short stature: if the child’s height is < –2.0 SDS, if the difference between the child’s height SDS and child’s midparental height SDS exceeds 1.5 SDS and/or a low growth velocity. The consensus reflects clear criteria for the diagnosis of GH-deficiency, central hypothyroidism, central hypocorticosolism, central hypogonadism, diabetes insipidus, hypoprolactinemia, and also the criteria for their compensation. The dose of somatropin with GH-deficiency in children and adolescents is 0.025–0.033 mg/kg/day. With total somatotropic insufficiency, especially in young children, it is advisable to start therapy with somatropin from lower doses: 25–50% of the substitution, gradually increasing it within 3–6 months to optimal. In children with a growth deficit when entering puberty, the dose may be increased to 0.045–0.05 mg/kg/day. With the development of side effects, the dose of somatropin can be reduced (by 30–50%), or temporarily canceled (depending on the severity of the clinical picture) until the complete disappearance of undesirable symptoms. With swelling of the optic nerve, treatment is temporarily stopped until the picture of the fundus of the eye fully normalizes. If therapy has been temporarily discontinued, treatment is resumed in smaller doses (50% of the initial) with a gradual (within 1–3 months) return to the optimum. GH treatment at pediatric doses not continue beyond attainment of a growth velocity below 2–2.5 cm/year, closure of the epiphyseal growth zones, or earlier, when: the achievement of genetically predicted height, but not more than 170 cm in girls, 180 cm in boys, the patient’s desire and his parents / legal representatives satisfied with the achieved result of the final height. Re-evaluation of the somatotropic axis is carried out after reaching the adult height, after 1–3 months GH therapy will be discontinued. Patients with isolated GH-deficiency or patients with 1 (besides GH) pituitary hormone deficiencies in the presence of a normal IGF-1 level (against the background of somatropin withdrawal) and not having molecular genetic confirmation of the diagnosis need re- evaluation. Patients with two or more (besides GH) pituitary hormone deficiencies, acquired hypothalamic-pituitary lesions due to operations on the pituitary and irradiation of the hypothalamic-pituitary area (if the IGF-1 level is low against somatropin withdrawal), specific pituitary/ hypothalamic structural defect on MRI, gene defects of the GH-IGF-I system do not need re- evaluation. If GH deficiency is confirmed, treatment with somatropin is resumed at metabolic doses of 0.01—0.003 mg/kg/day under the control of the IGF-I level in the blood (measurement 1 time in 6 months), the indicator should not exceed the upper limit of the reference value for the corresponding age and floor.

Rationale. One of the most common causes of multiple anterior pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD) is genetic defects in the PROP1 gene. PROP1 deficiency leads to malfunction of somatotrophs, lactotrophs, thyrotrophs, corticotrophs, and gonadotrophs. Now, there is an opportunity to conduct large-scale population studies of patients with genetic MPHD, describe their clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and evaluate the efficacy of long-term therapy of these patients with a recombinant growth hormone (rGH). Aim. The study aim was to assess the spectrum of PROP1 gene mutations in the Russian population of MPHD patients, rate and expected age of hypopituitarism components, and efficacy of rGH therapy. Material and methods. We analyzed the data of 27 patients diagnosed with MPHD and genetically confirmed mutations in the PROP1 gene who were treated at the Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology of the Endocrinology Research Center (ERC) in 1978―2016. MPHD was diagnosed based on laboratory data and stimulatory tests characterizing the functional activity of the pituitary gland. The molecular genetic study was performed using high-performance parallel sequencing. We used a custom Ampliseq_HP primer panel developed at the Department of Hereditary Endocrinopathies of the ERC, which included coding regions of the following genes: ARNT2, GH1, GHRH, GHRHR, GHSR, GLI2, HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, OTX2, PAX6, POU1F1, PROP1, SHH, SOX2, and SOX3. All patients received rGH therapy at a growth-stimulating dose from the time of GH deficiency diagnosis until final height completion. We evaluated the efficacy of therapy by comparing the achieved final height with the genetically expected one. Results. Non-familial cases prevailed (N=23) in the study cohort of patients with MPHD caused by mutations in the PROP1 gene; only two patients were monochorionic twin sisters; the other two patients were siblings. An analysis of the distribution of PROP1 gene mutations revealed a hot-point mutation c.301_302delAG in 24 patients (89%, 95% CI 71%; 98%). A mutation in the c.150delA locus occurred in 11 patients (41%, 95% CI 22%; 61%). Two patients had other mutations (c.629delC and c.43_49delGGGCGAG). Total GH deficiency was detected in all patients. The rate of secondary hypothyroidism (SHT) in patients of the study sample was 78% (95% CI 58%; 91%) at the time of diagnosis of GH deficiency and 100% (95% CI 81%; 100%) at the time of final height. The rate of secondary hypogonadism (SHG) at the time of final height was 100% (95% CI 81%; 100%), and the rate of secondary hypocorticism (SHC) was 41% (95% CI 22%; 61%). The normal level of prolactin was detected in 83% (95% CI 65%; 94%) of patients. At the time of growth plate closure, patients receiving rGH therapy at the growth-stimulating dose achieved the genetically expected final height. Conclusion. According to our findings, the most common mutation in the PROP1 gene is a deletion of AG nucleotides in the 101 codon (c.301_302 delAG), which is found in 89% (95% CI 71%; 98) patients. Patients with MPHD caused by mutations in the PROP1 gene have total GH deficiency and are diagnosed with secondary hypothyroidism and secondary hypogonadism in 100% of cases. The possibility of delayed manifestation of hypopituitarism components requires regular screening of tropic hormone levels for the timely start of substitution therapy and prevention of life-threatening conditions. rGH therapy is highly effective for GH deficiency caused by PROP1 gene mutations and allows patients to achieve the genetically expected height in the case of early diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency.

The article suggests a model of constructing a non-contradictory algorithm for detecting morphological formants in the process of decoding natural language. The priming effect in the current study correlates with the prognostic strategies within the hermeneutical and noematic method. The article offers the results of experiments on lexical priming input of the morphological information and the representation of meaning overtones in German and Dutch phrasal verbs. The authors conclude that constitutional priming implementation is characterized by a repeated realization of phonetic/orthographic components. Each priming effect includes processes that reflect affinity activation between a generalized meaning of the compound word and the associations.

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BACKGROUND: A prerequisite for planning a diet for weight loss in obese children is to determine the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR). The gold standard for estimating the daily energy consumption of rest is indirect respiratory calorimetry. However, given its high cost and labor intensity, various calculation formulas are widely used in clinical practice. AIMS: to determine the accuracy of resting metabolic rate estimated by calculation formulas and indirect respiratory calorimetry in children with simple obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 100 children aged 9 to 18 years, with a simple constitutional-exogenous obesity, which assessed the resting metabolic rate estimated by calculation formulas and indirect respiratory calorimetry. RESULTS: The Molnar formula most accurately estimates resting metabolic rate, comparable to the results of indirect respiratory calorimetry in 64% of cases. The Harris-Benedict and IOM formulas yield an accurate result in 53 and 51% of the cases, respectively. The least accurate result is shown by WHO formula (22%). The minimum mean difference between the calculated and actual basal metabolic rate in obese boys for the Molnar formula is 18 kcal (CI: -53 to 90, 95% LOA from -490 to 527), in girls: -0.7 kcal (CI) : -65 - 63, 95% LOA from -435 to 434). Attention is drawn to the large mean difference and wide spread of the boundaries of the agreement of the studied indicators in obese children. In the evaluation, depending on the degree of obesity, it is shown that the formula Molnar has the highest accuracy, however, in children with morbid obesity, the accuracy of the evaluation is significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect respiratory calorimetry is the preferred method of assessing resting metabolic rate in children with simple obesity.