The purpose of this article is to identify the underlying implications and motives of suicide of Russian literary characters of the classical era against the backdrop of Western European literary tradition. After analyzing the issue concerning the diversity of the suicide motives of heroines in Turgenev's novelettes ("L'Antchar", "An Unhappy Girl", and "Klara Milich"), we came to the conclusion that the principles of artistic interpretation of heroine's action, committing suicide, were found in Russian literature as early as in the late ХVIII century. These principles were developed and established in the kind of debate of that era. The article describes the difference between the suicide motives of heroes by J.-W.Goethe and N. M. Karamzin, allowing us to talk about the diversity of the Russian and Western characters conduct in similar situations. For Goethe's characters, the death is a transition to a state, in which personal communication of characters becomes impossible. Therefore, their near-death communication transforms into "farewell forever". Russian heroines (novelettes of Karamzin & Turgenev) are rapid in their decision to terminate their terrestrial life in order to accelerate their appointment with beloved after crossing over, outside of socially conditioned context. They are driven by belief in the inevitability of such appointment. Their suicide becomes not so much a way to interrupt their contacts with an imperfect world, but to speed up the appointment with their sweethearts in the other, more favorable circumstances. The authors believe that the diversity of suicide motives of Russian literary characters (Karamzin & Turgenev) as compared with the European tradition is associated with the diversity of world perception concept, world architectonics, in which their characters commit an act. Traditional perception of this subject in the novelettes of N. M. Karamzin and I. S. Turgenev met the religious and ethical principles, predominant in Russian cultural space.

The study aimed to explore the influence of motivation factors on the development of professional competencies using Russian and Indonesian institutions of higher education as case studies. In pursuit of this objective, quantitative survey methodology was incorporated, and surveys were conducted during November and April of the 2018/2019 to 2021/2022 school years. The questionnaire was developed with a 10-point rating scale, aimed at addressing the development of students' professional competencies and the factors that motivate learning and competency development. Using the questionnaire, the level of professional competency development of students in Russian and Indonesian universities has been empirically analysed. The results of the study supported the spiral nature of students' professional competencies development, showing that the development of professional competencies follows a progressive and non-linear nature of component development. These results confirm that the process of professional competency development is structurally divided into separate, relatively independent stages reflecting sequential and gradual progression. The positive character of the influence of the balanced development level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors on the formation of students' professional competencies has been established. The results of the research may prove useful for educational institutions and public administration bodies for the development of effective mechanisms for students' motivation within the framework of competency-based approach implementation in higher education. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-03-012 Full Text: PDF

Object of the article: apophatics as a cultural phenomenon. Subject of the article: a method of creating an apophatic reality in a literary work, the apophatic side of the phenomenon of sleep is studied. Material of the article: an early little-known story by Alexander Grin “Struggle with Death” (1918). Research methodology: a holistic analysis of a literary text, which is achieved through the ontohermeneutic method using the semantic research method. Research results: analysis of Grin’s early story, identification of its ontological meaning, ethos of illness, death, sleep allows raising an issue of apophatics of a literary work. The appeal to anthroposophical reflections on the axiological status of sleep by the German philosopher Rudolf Steiner, whose ideas were shared by the representatives of the Silver Age, especially Maximilian Voloshin, Grin’s closest friend, is also productive, since the anthroposophist highlights the apophatic side of sleep associated with day and night human consciousness. The ethos in the article is understood within the framework of Heidegger’s research, which makes it possible to deepen the cultural-philosophical ideas about the phenomenon of death, disease and sleep in the global art culture.

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