BACKGROUND: Structural features of the patients vascular system can cause unintended complications when providing vascular access and can disorient the specialist in assessing the location of the installed catheter. This study aimed to demonstrate anatomical features of the vascular system of the superior vena cava and diagnostic steps when providing vascular access in a child. CASE REPORT: Patient K (3 years old) was on planned maintenance of long-term venous access. Preliminary ultrasound examination of the superior vena cava did not reveal any abnormalities. Function of the right internal jugular vein under ultrasound control was performed without technical difficulties; a J-formed guidewire was inserted into the vessel lumen. X-ray control revealed its projection in the left heart, which was regarded as a technical complication, so the conductor was removed. A further attempt to insert a catheter through the right subclavian vein led to the same result. For a more accurate diagnosis, the child underwent computed angiography of the superior vena cava system. Congenital anomalies of the vascular system included aplasia of the superior vena cava and persistent left superior vena cava. Considering the information obtained, the Broviac catheter was implanted under ultrasound control through the left internal jugular vein without technical difficulties with the installation of the distal end of the catheter into the left brachiocephalic vein under X-ray control. CONCLUSION: A thorough multifaceted study of the vascular anatomy helps solve the anatomical issues by ensuring vascular access and preventing the risks of complications.

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Portal hypertension syndrome is one of the most severe pediatric conditions causing gastroesophageal bleeding which can be fatal. The main challenge in the management of portal hypertension is prevention of bleeding from the portal vein system, which is achieved by vascular surgery, particularly portosystemic shunting. Epidural anesthesia, despite its advantages over the opioid one, is not always performed in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension, and still remains unsolved issue in pediatric anesthesiology.Aim of the review: to evaluate the scope of limitations of general anesthesia in bypass surgery for extrahepatic portal hypertension in children with thrombocytopenia. We searched PubMed, Medline, Elibrary.ru and other databases and used original clinical observations while performing anesthesiologic support of surgical correction of extrahepatic portal hypertension in children.We found that general anesthesia for portosystemic bypass surgery in children with thrombocytopenia requires the anesthetic support that does not include epidural anesthesia and high-dose opioid administration. This issue can be resolved by including the central selective alpha-2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine with both analgesic and hypnotic effects in the anesthesia support. Due to its additive effects, this drug significantly reduces the need for hypnotics and opioid analgesics while maintaining a high level of neurovege-tative protection.Conclusion. In our opinion, optimizing anesthesia in children with thrombocytopenia during bypass surgery for extrahepatic portal hypertension is essential to minimize surgical stress and side effects of drugs.