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Using a simultaneous equations approach, this paper empirically investigates the impact of two types of public infrastructure, transportation infrastructure and knowledge infrastructure, on industrial geography, regional income disparities, and growth across 286 cities in China. It is found that an improvement in transportation infrastructure that reduces trade costs on goods increases growth and decreases income gap at the expense of increasing industrial agglomeration between cities. Therefore, this paper confirms the existence of a trade-off between spatial equity (more even spatial distribution of economic activities) and spatial efficiency (higher growth rate). However, for knowledge infrastructure that reduces trade costs on ideas, it is found that it increases growth but also decreases income gap and industrial agglomeration simultaneously. Moreover, the impact of knowledge infrastructure is found to be larger in the case of high labor mobility.

This paper is based on the results of research by the Sumatra Earthquake Interdisciplinary or Integrated Research Team, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University. This research shows: (1) the Sumatra Earthquake tsunami disaster damage in Banda Aceh can be divided into four areas; (2) the tsunami action was directed left and right by the Banda Aceh topography; (3) within which District I saw total destruction of housing, a high death rate, and the collapse of families; (4) with the high death rate due to a lack of earthquaketsunami association; (5) that even in the core of housing reconstruction, the pace is slow; (6) there are four main obstacles to housing reconstruction; (7) the slow pace of the reconstruction is a function of social causes related to the size of the tsunami, the lack of established adjustment mechanisms for aid groups, the slow pace of the reconstruction in society overall, and the failure of market functions; (8) that in the case of large scale disasters, with the loss of life and home, as well as infrastructure, the collapse of society as an entity occurs as well.

An index of power is proposed. based on the concept of the entropy of information, which measures the distribution of power among decision makers who commit themselves at distinctive stages in the hierarchical decision systems. The index is tested and is shown to work well with a model of public decision-making in an indirect democracy. Moreover, it is ahown that the entropy decreases monotonically in hierarchical and sequential decision systems. "his property indicates support for the applicability of the index.

The purpose of this paper is first in provide an explicit distinction between the Henry George theorem and the capitalization hypothesis, as synthesized with the Samuelson condition in a simple setting of a region with and without fiscal transfers. Secondly, in a multi‐regional setting with free migration and fiscal transfers, the arguments are explored and conditions derived for the confiscation of capitalized land value. It is clearly shown that the Henry George theorem and the capitalization hypothesis are completely different from a theoretical point of view, and that in special case the later might be interpreted as the bridge between the conditions cannot be satisfied simultaneously. The condition for full capitalization can rarely be met in reality. Hence marginal rents would not be an accurate measure of the benefits of public investments. Some confiscation is necessary not only to prevent unexpected income redistribution but also to attain the optimal population distribution through fiscal transteps. In the case of the use of fiscal transfers to achieve an optinal allocation of population, rent lends to be high in exploiled regions and low in subsidized regions, relative to the level of public goods that is provided. The redistribution of the fiscal resources gained by the confiscation is examined as well.