Аннотация. Авторы рассматривают богатство как историческую категорию, напол-няющуюся новым содержанием с развитием общества, появлением новой техники и техно-логий, усложнением экономических отношений. В статье описана система элементов богат-ства Древней Руси, включающая природные богатства, произведенные блага, человеческий, социальный, институциональный капитал, знания и используемые технологии, а также их осо-бенности, формы реализации и защиты. О достаточно высоком уровне развития человечес-кого капитала и технологий свидетельствовали искусство металлургии, оружейное дело, су-достроение, прядение, ткачество, скорняжное, кожевенное и гончарное дело Древней Руси.Авторами сделан вывод о большом значении социального капитала, без которого денежное богатство не имело особого значения. Материальные ценности в Древней Руси служили средством социального общения. Богатство в древнерусском обществе выполняло специфическую социальную функцию, которая состояла в повышении лич-ного престижа путем передачи предметов своего богатства другим членам общины.При рассмотрении богатства как сравнительной категории авторы заключают, что в древнерусском обществе высокая социальная престижность богатства сочета-лась с двойственностью этической оценки: само по себе богатство не осуждалось, однако бедности отдавался приоритет перед богатством.Авторами проанализированы политические (вече, община, институт княжеской вла-сти, дружина, вервь), экономические (поместье-вотчина, дань, полюдье, церковная деся-тина, рабство и др.) и правовые (прежде всего Русская Правда) институты Древней Руси. Выявлено, что в Русской Правде прослеживалось право собственности и обяза-тельственное право, а также уделялось большое значение защите капитала.Ключевые слова: Древняя Русь, богатство, Русская Правда, ремесло, институ-ты, социальный капитал.

The third and fourth industrial revolutions are developing on the basis of information technology. The main technologies within the fourth industrial revolution, which began at the turn of the 21st century, are cyberphysical systems, the Internet of things and cloud computing. Any industrial revolution implies a rapid increase in labor productivity. However, in most countries, the average annual growth rate of gross value added per person employed in industry, including energy, has been steadily declining over the past 30 years, and in a number of countries in the 2010s, they were negative. Those states that in the 2000s, accelerated the growth rate of gross value added per employed person compared to the 1990s, in the 2010s they reduced them to a level less than in the 1990s. The average annual GDP growth rate at PPP per hour worked also showed a slowdown in the 21st century. The fourth industrial revolution has as its main consequence increased digital control over citizens and enterprises. In industry and agriculture, a decrease in production volumes and a reduction in employment is predicted. The discourse of the fourth industrial revolution seems to have as its goal the formation of a positive perception of digitalization technologies and total control by humanity.

Introduction: the paper deals with the features and conditions of a contract structure that is widely in demand at the present time – a paid medical services contract. The paper analyzes the provisions of the key legal acts regulating the sphere of paid medical services, including their contractual formalization, the legislation on consumer protection, which applies to the legal relations of the parties arising from paid medical services contracts, and the content of this contract. Special attention is paid to the consideration of the legislative and doctrinal approaches to the issue of essential and mandatory conditions of the contract under consideration, as well as to the relevant judicial and contractual practice. Methods: in the presented research, the traditional general scientific research methods were used, such as the dialectical method of cognition, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, etc., as well as the specific scientific legal methods, including formal legal, the method of legal interpretation, etc. Results: the authors substantiate the point of view that the essential conditions of the paid medical services contract are only the conditions on its subject. The authors believe that the conditions stipulated in par. 17 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1006 of 04.10.2012 “On approval of the Rules for providing paid medical services by medical organizations” should be considered as mandatory conditions. Taking into account the existing approaches in the law enforcement practice, the conditions that are reflected in the paid medical services contract would help prevent disputes, as well as protect the rights and legitimate interests of the parties to the contract. Based on the analysis of the judicial practice, a list of conditions of the paid medical services contract that infringe on the rights of consumers has been formed, which should not be included in it. Conclusions: based on the results of the study, the two groups of factors were identified, which influence the formation of the methodological recommendations for drawing up a paid medical services contract; the recommendations for improving contractual work in the medical organizations are formulated.