Обосновывается эффективность исследования религиозного экстремизма как формы негативного девиантного поведения, классифицируемой в качестве противоправной деятельности. Социально-философская интерпретация экстремизма как социокультурного и политического конструкта позволяет выявить принципы его формирования и механизмы функционирования. Анализируются общее и особенное религиозных групп и религиозных экстремистских организаций, социальных отклонений и проявлений экстремизма. Ключевые слова: девиантность; девиантное поведение; религиозный экстремизм; радикализация; насильственный экстремизм; социальная девиация.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to develop effective management decisions in the field of countering extremist activities. One of the most dangerous manifestations of extremism is separatism based on religious fundamentalism and nationalism and using terror and violent actions as the main methods. The aim of the work is a socio-philosophical analysis of separatism as a sociocultural and political phenomenon constructed within the framework of the postmodern concept. The methodological basis of the work is a socio-philosophical analysis, which allows us to identify goals and objectives, behavioral patterns and establish the dynamics of social relations in separatist associations. The concepts of social psychologists contribute to the definition of the features of the cognitive properties of extremists. Extremist behavior is considered a deviant form of social activity aimed at transforming the current sociopolitical situation, creating a new state, or introducing other forms of administrative and territorial administration. The state defines these actions as illegal activities that violate its territorial integrity. Extremism appears to be a socially and politically dangerous activity committed publicly, individually and/or within an organization with the aim of causing internal political conflicts and social tension by exacerbating interreligious, interethnic, and other kinds of social contradictions. It is expressed in the appropriate style of thinking and patterns of behavior, justified by a transformed religious tradition, nationalist theories, and/or a new interpretation of historical facts. Extremist activity and the corresponding ideology are interdependent; this activity forms cultural perceptions and models of thinking (extremist consciousness). Separatism is expressed in the presence of stable attitudes among the population groups of a territory to the need to expand autonomy and the possibility of independent governance, based on the ideas of their discrimination or illegal, forced inclusion. Secession is purposeful and organized actions to implement the specified moments. The prerequisites are economic and political conditions, and the rationale is sociocultural characteristics. The important role of the demographic factor in the growth of separatist sentiments is noted. On the basis of the economic development of the regions, the specificity of separatist sentiments is noted. Currently, the Russian state is implementing a number of measures to counter separatist manifestations: the consolidation of regions, the creation of macroeconomic zones, and the tightening of anti-extremist legislation.

Излученко Татьяна Владимировна -кандидат философских наук, доцент, кафедра филосо-фии, Сибирский федеральный университет.

This paper studies the social construction of reality in religious extremism. The daily life of extremists is viewed here as an alternative social reality, which is opposed to objective reality and portrayed by the ideologists as the only right one. The methodology of the research is based on Peter Berger’s phenomenological theory of world construction by numerous transcendental subjects. The daily life of extremists is regulated by the social order established in the extremist community, which is ensured by specific attitudes, preferences, conventions, values, and knowledge systems that are contained in their ideology. An important result of the study is the characterization of the social construction mechanisms according to the extremist worldview. Cognitive biases and assertion of personal significance contribute to a positive perception of the ideology and an active participation in extremist activities, while the “Us vs Them” opposition leads to the polarization of views and fewer external contacts, as well as forms a positive image of “Us” while ignoring their negative qualities and hyperbolizing the negative qualities of “Them”. The idealization of history and the heroization of individual participants in this movement form false notions of justice and of the possibility of creating an ideal state system, thereby motivating extremists to commit unlawful acts, including violent ones. Thinking models are adjusted to conform to the ideology, new patterns of behaviour are established through social actions and ritual practices. Illegal extremist activity is presented as following the will of the higher forces, thus acquiring the status of a sacred duty to establish the common good and fight against the universal evil. These mechanisms are characteristic of various types of extremism (national, political). Religion acts as an element reinforcing ideological content and allowing extremist communities to project ultimate meanings onto objective reality, endowing it with a given meaning.

Излученко Татьяна Владимировна -кандидат философских наук, старший преподаватель, кафедра философии, Сибирский федеральный университет. E-mail:izluchenko@mail.ruКудашов Вячеслав Иванович -доктор философских наук, заведующий кафедрой философии, Сибирский федеральный университет. Formation of representations «We-They» is the basis for the decline and the involvement of people in the activities of religious extremist organizations. In accordance with the policy of these organizations the state punishment presented as a check on the sincerity and dedication to the community, thus ensuring the integrity of the community and its resilience in the public system. As a result of purposeful systemic activity of religious extremist organizations dialogical consciousness is directed by personality to study extremism, in opposition to the outside world, the representatives of different views and the search for evidence of the legitimacy of particular extremist organizationactivities. E-mail:vkudashov@mail.ru