Objective: To Determine the frequency of hyponatremia in cirrhotic patients with encephalopathy. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Department of Gastroenterology Liaquat National Hospital Karachi. Period: 6 Dec 2017 to 6 June 2018. Material & Methods: All those fulfilling the inclusion criteria and admitted in the Gastroenterology department of Liaquat National Hospital Karachi were taken in the study after their ethical approval alongside an informed and written consent. Brief history was taken, clinical examination was done, and serum sodium level was delivered to the institutional laboratory to reach the outcome i-e hyponatremia. Results: - A number of 369 patients having encephalopathy were taken into study. 207 patients (56.1%) were males and 162 patients (43.9%) were females with an average age of 50.03+10.333 years. Hyponatremia was seen in 138 patients (37.4%). Conclusion: Dilutional hyponatremia is a common finding in liver cirrhosis patients with encephalopathy leading to neurological impairment, hepatorenal syndrome, osteoporosis and high mortality. Therefore, early management of hyponatremia is key to prevent liver cirrhosis related complications.

Vascular thrombosis is an unusual yet well-known extra-intestinal complication of ulcerative colitis, usually involving the peripheral veins and occasionally the cerebral veins and the arterial system. We, herein, report a case of a 45-year female with ulcerative colitis in remitting phase presenting with anemia and right lower limb swelling and discoloration due to extensive arterial and venous thrombosis. Early and accurate diagnosis of thrombotic complications is essential to start limb-saving and lifesaving therapy.

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Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of AIMS-65 clinical scoring system in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding by taking mortality as gold standard. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Gastroenterology, Liaquat National Hospital Karachi. Period: 6 months from 14th Nov 2018 to 14th May 2019. Material & Methods: All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria in the Department of Gastroenterology, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi were included. After taking informed written consent clinical examination and lab investigations were done to determine the diagnostic accuracy of AIMS-65 clinical scoring system in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding by taking mortality as gold standard. Result: Total of 252 patients with UGIB were included. 183 (72.6%) were males & 69 (27.4%) were females, with the mean age was 35.10±7.065 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of AIMS 65 scoring system in predicting mortality within 30 days was (77.4%, 84.4, 56.9, 93.3 and 82.93%) in patients with UGIB. Conclusion: In conclusion AIMS 65 score has higher diagnostic accuracy in predicting 30-day mortality in patients with UGIB.