Non-SPN lesions appeared in the periapical region mimicking a SPN, although rarely. Most of them were developmental cysts, in particular OKCs, but odontogenic tumours, such as ameloblastoma, or malignant lesions were also diagnosed. Histological examination of tissue harvested from periapical lesions should be performed, in particular when those lesions are large.

Objectives: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography is an alternative imaging technique which has been recently introduced in the field of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology. It has rapidly gained great popularity among clinicians due to its ability to detect lesions and defects of the orofacial region and provide three-dimensional information about them. In the field of Endodontics, CBCT can be a useful tool to reveal tooth morphology irregularities, additional root canals and vertical root fractures. The objective of this study is to evaluate the root and root canal morphology of the maxillary permanent molars in Greek population using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Materials and Methods : 273 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were examined. The number of roots and root canals of the first and second maxillary molars were evaluated. Root canal configuration was classified according to Weine’s classification by two independent examiners and statistical analysis was performed. Results : A total of 812 molars (410 first and 402 second ones) were evaluated. The vast majority of both first and second molars had three roots (89.26% and 85.07%, respectively). Most first molars had four canals, while most second molars had three. In the mesiobuccal roots, one foramen was recorded in 80.91% of all teeth. Other rare morphologic variations were also found, such as fusion of a maxillary second molar with a supernumerary tooth. Conclusion : Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that more attention should be given to the detection of additional canals during root canal treatment in maxillary permanent molars. Towards this effort, CBCT can provide the clinician with supplemental information about the different root canal configurations for successful Root Canal Treatment.

The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability and marginal adaptation of four restorative materials (MTA, Biodentine, portlant cement, and resin modified glass ionomer cement) used to repair iatrogenic furcation perforations. Eighty-four molars were treated endodontically, perforated in the middle of the pulp chamber floor with a round bur and separated randomly into 4 groups of 20 teeth each, while 4 teeth were used as positive and negative controls. The teeth were embedded in a moistened flower sponge and the perforations were filled with the appropriate restorative materials: Group 1: Biodentine; Group 2: MTA Angelus; Group 3: GC Fuji lining LC Paste Pak; Group 4: Aquafix Portland cement. The teeth remained in the soaked sponge for 28 days and then were submerged in basic fuchsine solution 1% for 48 hours. Dye penetration was evaluated after longitudinal sectioning of the teeth. Statistical analysis revealed that perforations restored with MTA exhibited the least microleakage with statistically significant difference among the other three groups (p < 0.05). The worst sealing ability was observed in the teeth restored with Aquafix Portland cement. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups of Biodentine and FC Fuji Lining Paste (p = 0.066).

Apoptosis (a programmed cell death mechanism) within the radicular cyst epithelium has still not been correlated with any clinical factor. This study aimed to investigate the effect of calcium hydroxide on apoptosis, via the detection of caspase-9. Thirty radicular cysts collected during apicoectomies and stored in paraffin were retrospectively retrieved. Conservative endodontic treatments had been carried out either without (group (a) n = 14), or with calcium hydroxide application (group (b), n = 16) before obturation. All cysts were immunohistochemically stained for caspase-9 to record apoptosis of the epithelium. Statistical analysis followed. The frequency of caspase-9 immunoreactivity in the cystic epithelium in the two groups was 42.86% and 93.75% of cysts respectively. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.04 < 0.05). In cysts larger than (or equal to) 10 mm, caspase-9 was more frequently expressed. It was found calcium hydroxide appears to enhance the expression of caspase-9, especially in large lesions.

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