Respect for hospitalized patient privacy contains multiple dimensions. Factors affecting the achievement of this concept include individual backgrounds, nature of the disease, and rule of paternalism. The fulfillment of patient privacy leads to such consequences as protection and improvement of human dignity as well as improved communication between the patient and the health team.

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Background: This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on daily routines and health of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study included 98 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes who were regularly followed up in the Endocrinology outpatient clinic of Besat Hospital, Hamadan, Iran, in 2020. The primary measurements included body mass index, glycemic control, number of hypoglycemic events, number of hospitalizations, as well as bedtime and availability of insulin six months pre and post COVID-19 outbreak. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 98 participants (mean ±SD age: 13.5±49), 51% of the cases were male, and %81.6 of the patients were urban residents. Furthermore, most participants (43.9%) were in the age group of 11-15 years, and the mean ±SD duration of diabetes was 4.64±3.31 years. In addition, 2.04% of the participants developed COVID-19. There was a statistically significant difference among average duration of night sleep (P<0.001), bedtime (P<0.001), time of waking up (P<0.001), amount of insulin intake (P=0.003), daily exercise (P<0.001), and availability of the insulin (P<0.001) before and during COVID-19 crisis. The frequencies of hospitalizations and hypoglycemic events were lower after the COVID-19 outbreak (P=0.005 and P=0.034, respectively). Morning insulin dose was omitted in 22.2% of participants. No differences were found between hemoglobin A1c and daytime sleep pre and post COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusions: The key challenges due to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions for Iranian T1DM patients were the need to take more insulin, lower physical activity, non-availability of insulin, and missed morning insulin dose. However, it is worth mentioning that the patients' blood glucose control did not worsen in this period.

Introduction: Privacy is one of the basic human needs and one of the most important nursing concepts of care ethics. Several definitions have been proposed for privacy, since the cultural norms and values of each society and the specific position of each individual in the community are influential in defining and determining its scope. Therefore, in order to provide proper cultural care, it is important to examine the privacy of patients. This study aimed at investigating the viewpoints of hospitalized patients in regards to respecting privacy. Methods: The present study was carried out with the qualitative content analysis method on 20 patients hospitalized in internal and surgical wards of governmental hospitals of Tehran, during year 2017. Data collection was based on purposive sampling and using semi-structured individual interviews. In the interviews, hospitalized patients reported experiences with respect to their privacy during hospitalization. The interviews were recorded and handwritten and analyzed on the basis of qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis of hospitalized patients' experiences with respect to privacy in the hospital resulted in the extraction of 5 categories and 10 subcategories. The privacy implications included the dynamics of privacy, physical privacy, information privacy, psycho-social privacy, and religious spirituality privacy. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that privacy of hospitalized patients had different dimensions and care should be taken in all aspects. According to the findings of this study, it could be concluded that privacy policies should be provided according to the patient's perspective of the health care system.

BackgroundSome clinical staff nurses show unprofessional behavior toward nursing students in clinical nursing education that can negatively affect their self-esteem and professionally. Examination of uncivil behavior toward nursing students requires a valid and reliable instrument. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education (UBCNE) among nursing students.MethodsIn this methodological study, a total of 558 nursing students participated who were selected using a convenience sampling method, and were asked to complete the Persian version of the UBCNE. The UBCNE was translated based on the WHO guidelines. The face, content, and construct (using explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis) validities were assessed. In addition, internal consistency was assessed using the McDonald’s omega and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and stability was assessed using the test-retest method.ResultsExplanatory factor analysis led to two factors, including Dismissive Behavior and Exclusionary Behavior that together explained 62.1% of the total variance of uncivil behavior. In the confirmatory factor analysis, the comparative and parsimonious fit indices were very good, but the absolute fit indices were poor (RMSEA=0.116, GFI=0.98, NFI=0.97, AFGI=0.83, PNFI=0.78). Reliability of the UBCNE was found to be 0.93 and 0.97, using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the test-retest method, respectively.ConclusionThe two-factor structure of the UBCNE has good validity and reliability among nursing students. Therefore, it can be used to assess civil behavior in clinical nursing education.