Four rare cases of intracranial intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) manifesting as cranial nerve disturbances occurred in 16-, 18-, 24-, and 28-year-old females. Magnetic resonance imaging showed all lesions as isointense with strong enhancement on T 1 -weighted images, and as hyperintense on T 2 -weighted images. All lesions were removed via craniotomies. Histological examination found vascular structures and papillary spaces lined with endothelial cells showing immunoreactivity for CD31. Complete removal was curative in two cases, whereas incomplete removal resulted in cure in one case and residual deficits in one case. Iatrogenic deficits should be avoided in IPEH treatment by surgery. Differentiation from neoplasm such as angiosarcoma depends on histological characteristics.

Computerized tomography, conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging showing ischemic and/or hemorrhagic lesion that does not follow the boundary of classical arterial boundaries without signs of sinus thrombosis, and partial or generalized seizures followed by focal neurologic signs may predict CDVT. The outcome of patients with cortical venous stroke was good, but not in those with cortical plus deep venous infarction.

DVA associated with intraparenchymal haemorrhage, but not related to cavernoma, was confirmed. Though very rare, DVA may present with non-cavernoma-related haemorrhage in the form of arterialized DVA or DVA with AVM.

Our experience with linezolid suggests that it can be an alternative for the treatment of MRCoNS- and MRSA-related meningitis.

There has been extensive research on binding of transition metal complexes to DNA via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Most indicator based electrochemical DNA biosensors have used cationic metal complexes that interact in a different way with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Described here are the electrochemical parameters for a mixed-ligand complex, [Co(phen) 3 3 ] (phen: 1,10-phenanthroline), on binding to DNA. The milimolar quantities of [Co(phen) 3 3 ], which associates reversibly with immobilized calf thymus DNA was detected by using dsDNA-modi®ed carbon paste electrode (dsDNA-modi®ed CPE), ssDNAmodi®ed carbon paste electrode (ssDNA-modi®ed CPE) and bare carbon paste electrode (bare CPE), voltammetrically and the decreased peak currents were observed, respectively. The extend of hybridization between the complementary sequences is determined by the enhancement of the voltammetric peak of the [Co(phen) 3 3 ] indicator. Numerous factors affecting the DNA immobilization and indicator were investigated. Experiments were also performed at various salt concentrations and the optimum salt concentration was determined. The difference between the peak currents of denaturated calf thymus DNA (ssDNA)-modi®ed CPE and dsDNA-modi®ed CPE was also observed. These results demonstrated the use of the electroactive hybridization indicator, [Co(phen) 3 3 ] for DNA biosensors.