Geophysical methods have been increasingly used to characterize the Earth's critical zone (CZ) and monitor hydrological processes occurring within it. For a quantitative interpretation, geophysical studies of CZ materials are necessary, and thus require more sophisticated laboratory setups. In this study, we develop a hydrogeophysical soil column system to measure key hydraulic and electrical properties of regolith in CZs. The developed soil column system consists of two components: (a) a novel hydrogeophysical probe that measures pore water pressure and electrical potential in soils and (b) a cylindrical cell to hold soil samples. The system can be arranged to perform both saturated flow and drainage tests. The saturated flow test is similar to the traditional constant head experiment for determining the hydraulic conductivity and streaming potential coupling coefficient. The drainage tests can produce transient responses of cumulative overflow, pore water pressure, and streaming potential. These transient data can be used to estimate the sample's electrical and hydraulic properties with the coupled, stochastic hydrogeophysical inversion. A sand sample is used to demonstrate the procedures of applying this new system. The measured saturated hydraulic conductivity and streaming potential coupling coefficient of the sand are within the typical ranges of sands reported in the literature. The inversion‐estimated soil parameters can well reproduce the measured transient responses during the drainage test of the sample. Moreover, the inversion‐estimated saturated properties are in good agreement with those independently measured in the saturated flow test, showing the robustness of the developed system.

Characterizing water flux within the critical zone (CZ) is essential for a multitude of studies and applications related to irrigation, drainage, water management, and contaminant transport. Trying to measure water flux in the critical zone, specifically in the subsurface, is difficult due to the associated structural heterogeneity and complex interactions taking place between biological, chemical, and physical processes. Current methods (i.e., inferred from soil suction and soil moisture measurements) to characterize water flux within the critical zone can be time consuming and are not directly related to water flux. Recent literature has provided evidence that self-potential (SP) is a promising tool to characterize water flux within the vadose zone. In hydrological settings, SP is the electric potential signal generated mainly by water-flux within a porous medium through the electrokinetic phenomenon. By combining SP with more established methods, such as soil suction measurements, it is possible to efficiently and completely describe water flux within the subsurface. The use of SP for field CZ hydrological applications has been halted by a lack of understanding of the relationship between the hydraulic and electrical properties of earth materials in the CZ. Thus, the aim of this study is to improve the measurement technique and understanding of the electrical properties and hydraulic properties of CZ soils. Samples from the regolith overlying a granitic bedrock at the Treeline study site within the greater Dry Creek Experimental Watershed (Boise, ID) are used in this study. The central hypothesis is that, in addition to texture, mineralogical composition has a significant effect on the hydraulic and electrical properties of CZ soils. In order to evaluate this hypothesis, a novel soil column system has been built to measure the electrical and hydrological properties of soils at both saturated and unsaturated conditions. For saturated tests, the soil column system mirrors that of a constant-head setup for permeability tests. The soil column system includes two newly designed hydrogeophysical probes that can make SP and pressure head measurements simultaneously. In this study, the design, fabrication, and evaluation of the proposed experimental setup is presented. Moreover, the regolith samples, and a sand sample (for reference), are evaluated via saturated testing (to measure the saturated soil properties) and unsaturated testing (to measure the unsaturated soil properties). Experimental results demonstrate both the vertical heterogeneity in the regolith and the significant impact of the mineralogy (specifically clay minerals) on both the electrical and hydrological properties of CZ soils. Within the subsurface of the CZ, clay mineral content tends to increase with distance from the bedrock due to chemical weathering. The associated increase in clay minerals is matched by a proportional decrease in saturated hydraulic conductivity, streaming potential coupling coefficient, and increase in surface conduction. Moreover, it was found that in addition to permeability (textural influence), the zeta potential at the mineral-water interface (i.e., mineralogical influence) also controls the magnitude of the streaming potential coupling coefficient, and therefore the SP response relative to changes in pore water pressure head. The quality of experimental data suggests the proposed experimental setup, at its current state, is ideal for evaluating the electrical and hydrological properties of coarse-grained soils. The measured response of the electrical and hydrological properties of the coarse-grained soils were closely aligned with the theoretical expectations. The measured response for soils with a greater quantity of clay minerals identified some limitations of the experimental setup. However, with some minor modifications, the experimental setup may become a preferred method for measuring both clay-bearing soils and coarse-grained soils. Moreover, the results of the unsaturated tests produce unsaturated soil properties in line with theoretical trends. The quality of parameters obtained from the unsaturated tests indicate the ability of the test setup to obtain useful information regarding the unsaturated portion of the critical zone.